My inspiration for an annotated bibliography of string figures dates back several years, when, at the Australian Museum, Sydney, I accidentally "discovered" a wonderful book, which sparked my curiosity and then lasting enthusiasm for string figures. The book is Kwakiutl String Figures by Julia Averkieva and Mark Sherman (1992). The book is beautifully presented, with brilliant analyses, numerous cross-references and a substantial list of references, in which there is mention of a string figure bibliography compiled by Tom Storer (1985).
My curiosity swelled even more. I soon became a member of the International String Figure Association and received Storer's bibliography as part of the "package". I was very much impressed by the number of entries and variety of materials listed there. Because of that I immediately developed a wish to make it into an annotated bibliography. It was only natural that I would take Tom Storer's bibliography as a base. His ability to find even the most obscure references is truly staggering. I was fascinated particularly by Siberian figures, and my patriotic feelings were aroused when I spotted a reference to Bronislaw Malinowski's Sexual Life of the Savage, where he briefly discusses the importance of certain string figures in sexual behaviour of young people in the Trobriand Islands. I soon realised how rich and exciting the material was, and my project expanded. Now I think that the number of known and recorded figures is big enough to warrant a separate taxonomy, where particular figures would be classified systematically just like plants are.
Meanwhile my aim has been to create three interconnected lists. First, a straight annotated bibliography of all known string figures references, articles, books, pictures, videos, etc. Second, a list of all known names of string figures, with references to relevant publications and geographical locations. Third, a list of all relevant geographical locations, tribes and localities, and perhaps other considerations, such as themes, with references to the publications in which they are referred to. It's a daunting task, as the number of recorded figures is rather staggering, and there are many parallels in the names of different figures, and their alternative executions. It has to be stressed that in this bibliography I deal solely with the publications pertaining to string figures and to the names of the figures featured in the publications, not with the figures as such. Keen string figure practitioners and enthusiasts will no doubt find that the number of figure names doesn't reflect the number of actual figures, as many identical figures are named differently in various localities, and by different people. I expect that ideas for projects to classify all existing string figures, in a systematic or taxonomic order, already abound. It is my hope that this annotated bibliography, together with two remaining parts of the project, however slowly it progresses, will be of some help to those who want to embark on that grand classification effort, but also to all string figure enthusiasts whose interest in string figures has an extension past mere finger manipulations.
The first part of this three-part project, an annotated bibliography, is a standard list of publications directly referring, or alluding to string figures, containing publishing data (i.e., author, title, and source), short comment about the content of the publication, and names of the figures featured in the publication (including translations of the names, and their meaning, but only if given in the publication). Below you will find the 40 pages of text I have compiled so far. The entries are in alphabetic order by author, followed by year of publication and title of publication, or article, etc., followed by title of source (if applicable). In the next field there is a comment or annotation, which I tried to keep compact and without personal bias. The last field, capital letters within the square brackets, is a summary of reference content. It's a kind of shortcut for people looking for specific things. For example, if one is interested in articles containing comparative tables, all one has to do is to look for 'T' in the last field, at the bottom of each reference. A 'Y' means there are no figure names in the article, etc. The legend of letters and what they signify, is an integral part of this bibliography. There are two other fields, "Fid.:" or Figure-in-detail, and "Fit.:" or Figure-in-text. They may or may not be included in the references. There are quite a number of publications referring to string figures in general, without referring to any particular figures, or they contain names of figures, but no detail. Generally, if a publication contains instruction for, or detailed description of figures, and their names, the names will be listed in the "Fid.:" field. If a publication lists the names of figures only, the names will be in the "Fit.:" field.
This annotated bibliography is very much a work in progress, and I hope it will remain so forever. The literature on string figures is constantly growing, as new pieces are being created all the time, and new references fished out from past publications. Because of its ever-changing format, this bibliography is best left in electronic (digital) form, to be viewed or printed by the end-user on their personal computer as needed. Thanks to widespread internet access in recent years, digital documents are now becoming a reality. Another advantage of publishing in this format is the ability one gains to quickly search the text for key words and phrases. This is easily accomplished using the "Find" feature of a web browser or word-processing program. With the stroke of a key one can instantly locate all references to string figures from Alaska, string figures accompanied by chants, recently-invented string figures, or whatever other information has been classified using one-letter codes. The codes I have devised so far are as follows:
A - Analysis
B - Bibliography
C - Comment
D - Drawings of stages
E - Translation of figure names (as in dictionary
F - Drawings of finished figures
G - Geographical references, tribes, localities
H - Historical references
I - Instructions
J - Vernacular stories, anecdotes, chants
K - Photographs of stages
L - Letter
M - Modern figures, recently invented
N - Note, passim reference, anecdote
O - Original figures invented by author
P - Photographs of finished figures
Q - Diacritics used in figure names
R - Review
S - References to other sources
T - Comparative tables
U - Descriptions of figures
V - Variations of technique
W - Literary work
X - Variations of spelling in figure names
Y - No figure names
Z - Figure names included
Literature Cited
Richard Ratajczak is a library assistant in the Rare Books & Special Collections Library, University of Sydney. In 1996 he organized a string figure exhibition (see last year's Bulletin, pages 219-223).
A polemic with I.Trotter Hardy (see Hardy, 1988) regarding the origins of string figures and the importation of tea to England. Contains historical and geographical references, and references to other sources.
[BCGHLSY].
Letter referring to string figures as useful in hand physiotherapy. Contains references to other sources.
[CLSY].
Book of tricks for entertainment. Reprinted by Dover as: Tricks and amusements with coins..., Abraham, 1964, which see.
Reprint of the original edition, Abraham, 1933.
Book of tricks for entertainment. Reprinted by Dover as: Easy- to-do entertainments and diversions..., Abraham, 1961, which see.
Bare'e language and Dutch equivalents for string figures. In Dutch.
Fit.: Balimata or Afnermertje; Mobalimata or Afnemertje spelen
Loc.: Sulawesi
[E].
A short note on string figures as locally known. In Dutch.
Fit.: Mobalimata or Afnemertje spelen (Game's name)
Loc.: Sulawesi
[E].
An analysis of simple string figures, mainly multiple diamonds, or lozenges, with the author's own nomenclature of positions and movements. Mathematical formulae and a method of induction is applied to create new figures with arbitrary number of diamonds (lozenges), which require specific sets of symbols, for readers to work out. With instructions and drawings. Contains references to other sources. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: One lozenge; Two lozenges; Three lozenges; Four lozenges; Ocean is calm; Ebbing motion; Ebbing tide; Rising tide
[ABDISZ].
Translated by J.D'Antoni, Amir-Moez & D'Antoni, 1992 which see.
Republished as: Maori string figures, Andersen, 1927, which see.
Brief review and appraisal of a number of early ethnographical works concerned with string figures, with emphasis on Raymund, 1911, and Haddon, K., 1911. Questions of the origins of string figures, their migration from region to region, and their significance in the anthropological discourse are raised. Contains geographical references and references to other sources.
[GRSY].
Maui game (string figures in Maori language), very briefly mentioned as played by children.
Fit.: Maui (Game's name)
Loc.: New Zealand
[CGY].
An article presenting several unnamed string tricks for entertainment and amusement, with drawings and photographs of several unnamed tricks.
[DIJPY].
String figures mentioned in passim throughout the work whose discourse in comparative psychology, by now, lost its relevance .
[AY].
Among the games, "...particularly developed and engrossing were string figures." Features a photograph of a string figure used to illustrate a story.
Loc.: Northwest Territories, Central Canada
[CPY].
Short description of string figures and their significance in social discourse of the Maori people. Features drawings and instructions for the opening stage.
Fit.: Whai (Game's name)
Loc.: New Zealand
[DINY].
A paragraph describing string figures, some of considerable complexity, as a common pastime. Contains comparisons with other locations in the area, and references to other sources.
Fit.: Crying baby; Red parrot; Mosquitoes; Small crab; Crocodile
Loc.: Rossel Is. (Loyalty Is.)
[CLSZ].
Cat's cradle mentioned but excluded from analysis.
Chapter Tricks and puzzles, a small part of the massive source for all sorts of knots, weavings, interlacings, intertwinings, webbings, braidings, plaitings and splicings. Many a trick can be learned from this chapter, but only a few "true" string figure tricks. Contains refernces to other sources and bibliography. Features numerous anecdotes.
Fid.: Tom Fool's knot; Overhand knot; Bale sling hitch; Clove hitch; Rabbit in the hole; Garrotte; Fingering the nose; Cutting the fingers; Cutting the chair knob; Buttonhole trick; Key trick
[DFIJSZ].
see: Averkieva, J. & Sherman, M.A., 1992.
Short paragraph. Quite a few people have been observed making string figures despite of the taboo on them in Summer. Complexity of the figures and dexterity of the makers are appreciated.
Loc.: New Mexico
[GNY].
Reprint of: An Introduction to string figures: Ball, 1920 and String figures: Ball, 1920a. Contains additional introductory note and supplement, featuring instructions for openings and typical movements.
Fid.: 1.Fish spear, New Guinea; 2.Outrigged canoe, New Caledonia; 3.Moth, Zulu; 4.Framework for a hut, Central Africa; 5.Batoka Gorge, Victoria Falls area; 6.Carrying wood, Mexico; 7.Tent flap, Mexico; 8.Crow's feet, Africa, Australasia, Pacific Isles, America; 9.Lightning, Arizona, New Caledonia; 10.Little fishes, Torres Straits; 11.Eclipse; 12.Fishing net, Africa, Oregon, Hawaii; 13.Butterfly, Navaho; 14.Laia fruit, New Hebrides; 15.Cat's cradle: Cradle, Snuffer tray, Cat's eye, Fish- in-a-dish; 16.Mosquito or Fly, South America; 17.Siberian house, Eskimo; 18.Elusive loop; 19.Fluttering wings, Murray Island; 20.Yam thief, Africa, America, Oceania, Siberia, Japan; 21.Throwing a spear, Queensland, Africa, Torres Straits; 22.Man climbing a tree, Queensland; 23.Sleeper, Torres Straits; 24.Well, Lifu, Murray Is.; 25.Fence, Loyalty Is., Yoruba; 26.Salmon net, Caroline Is.; 27.Caterpillar, North Australia, Southern Oceania; 28.Ebbing tide; 29.Porker, Lifu, Uvea
Fit.: Pitching a tent cf., 1.; Parachute cf., 4.; Hogan cf., 4.; Poncho cf., 7.; Sling cf., 7.; Net cf., 7.; Leashing of Lochiel's dog cf., 8.; Veiled Sun cf., 11.; Mouth cf., 11.; Carying stone- money (stage) cf., 11.; Eclipsed Moon cf., 11.; Quadruple diamonds cf., 12.; Ladder cf., 12.; Fence cf., 12.; Double diamonds; Two chiefs; Two caterpillars; Square; Face mark; Many stars; Circles and triangles; Rabbit; Sea-gull; Two elks; Tree burial; Uprooting the Alou cf., 20.; Canoe cf., 21.; Canoe cf., 24.; Nest cf., 24.; Triple diamonds or Caroline diamonds cf., 26.; One chief cf., 27.; Sardines cf., 28.; Shrimps cf., 28.; Coral reef cf., 28.; Two lads; Two eyes; Two bofighting for an arrow; Sea snake; Setting Sun; Tallow dips; Fighting lions; Head hunters; Alaskan river
Loc.: Various
[ABDGHIJLSZ].
Reprint of: String figures: Ball, 1920. Reprinted by Dover as Fun with string figures: Ball, 1971, which see.
A lecture on string figures given by the author at the Royal Institute. The importance of string figures in the anthropological investigations is stressed: "... piece of string (without which to-day no self-respecting anthropologist ought to travel)." Contains instructions, line drawings and contextual comments. Reprinted by W.Heffer & Sons: Ball, 1920a; Reprinted by Dover: Ball, 1971, which see.
Short note. Eight string figures observed, named and photographed in stages, but no instructions. Contains references to figures from other Californian tribes, Cocopa and Kamia.
Fid.: 1.Sky clear and cloudy; 2.Flea jumping; 3.Stealing or Wula; 4.Fish net or Laso; 5.Gopher or Sowatu; 6.Bark house or Umutca; 7.Girl baby or Eselu osa; 8.Boy baby or Eselu nana
Fit.: Umasi (Game's name); Mole or Tumilu cf., 5.; Willow roots cf., 6.; Fox nose cf., 6.
Loc.: California
[CGKLQZ].
String figures described as a widely known game in British New Guinea. Contains names and descriptions of several figures from Nara and Aroma tribes. Features three photographs of a series of figures associated with a tale.
Fit: Nara tribe: Idara-idara (Game's name); Ovasi or Cucumber; Lailema or Coot; Belani or Dawn; Night; Sea; Edo or Gecko; Kauasi or Snake; Uau or Crayfish; Olava or Shark. Aroma tribe: Walo-alo (Game's name); Bush sun; Village sun; Night; Morning star; Dawn; Uba or Small house; Wai; Waulo; Kimo-kimo or Taro; Ewa or Crayfish; Begarai; Veva-kali or Crowd of people; Bagi-bagi or Fight
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[CJLPZ].
Short description of string figures, performed by Arunndta children and women, some of which required a large dose of author's imagination to associate them with their names and meanings. Contains references to other sources. No figure names.
Fit.: Cratch-cradle (Game's alternative name)
[CJLRY].
Short note on string figures as known in Pukapuka and everywhere else in Polynesia.
Loc.: Cook Is.
[LN].
An edited version of a manuscript by Pearl Baeglehole, held at the Bernice P.Bishop Museum, containing a number of string figures and string tricks, and their variations, collected at Pukapuka atoll, Cook Islands, in 1934-35, with instructions and line drawings. Some with associated chants. Features an analysis of Pukapukan string figures, in the context of the atoll's geography, history and population, including ethnological, linguistic notes, and vernacular terms. Contains geographical references and a comparative table. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Te imu o Wale Puapua or Oven of Wale Puapua plus variation; Te imu o Tima or Oven of Tima plus variation; Lua tangata wetu i te akau or Two men standing on the reef plus variation; Te ikapaetai or Turtle; Te papanga o te waulua or Platform of the double canoe; Te langi loa or Tall sky plus variation; Taku laukape or Turtle fat; Na wiwi or Crossings; Te va o Manuyiki ma Lakawanga or Space between Manihiki and Rakahanga; Te pitopito i Kolo or Naval in Kolo; Te kapu ta ika; Kau a pulaka or Pulaka stalks; Te ponaunau plus variation; Katatuna or Mosuqito larvae; Te pu o Mumuvaveka or Hole of Mumuvaveka; Te matangi yauleka or Gentle wind; Te matangi tavili or Whirlwind; Te matangi taulele or Shifting wind; Wala ola or Growing pandanus; Wala yila wua; Te liu wuwuli ki lalo or Inside turned down; Te liu wuwuli ki lunga or Inside turned up; Paiokiole or Lozenge (progressive figure): Kiti kiti polo iti, Taola kula (kind of fish), Langi tawola or School of whales; Tikonikoni or Copulation; Te taulunga or Anchor above; Te tau lalo or Anchor below; Te Kivi a te Kakai or Kivi of the people; Te Kivi a Yilewu or Kivi of Yilewu; Te imu o Te Lautalo or Oven of Te Lautalo; Te tavatava o te wui kiole or Trap of the rats; Te la palepale or Setting sun; Moamoa (a coral organism); Te wua ya walu or Fleet of eight; Te tai kiki or Tide going out; Matua kalou or Eel (progressive figure): Ui kauana, Ui lalapa; Te kolemu yengiyengi or Yellow anus; Tava; Taku pu lele lua or My hole becomes two; Te Pu a Loto (canoe name); Te itu wala kula or Pandanus fruit; Te tala o te yamayama or Story of the seaweed; Kumete or Food bowl; Kupenga or Fishing net
Fit.: Waiwai (Game's name)
Loc.: Cook Is.
[ABDGIJTVZ].
Features one photograph of an unnamed figure, with caption: "The Kiwai children are very keen on cat's cradles... many of them exceedingly complicated".
[NPY].
Two short notes on string figures as done by women in Arnhem Land, but also popular throughout the inland, and reminiscent of other forms of art in the West.
Loc.: Arnhem Land; Western Desert (Australia)
[LNY].
Passim references to string figures associated with elopement, fertility cults, and women's dance in Arnhem Land. Contains references to other sources.
Fit.: Wadji or Wrong side or Lovers running away together
Loc.: Arnhem Land, Northern Territory
[JLNSZ].
Short chapter on string figures as wide-spread prior to European settlement, and although presently in decline, still remembered. The importance of string figures in social life and in mythology is stressed. Features descriptions, names and photographs of assorted figures, with contextual comments, but with no instructions. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Nga Mahi a te Rehia; Ruapehu and Tongariro (Names of mountains); Te Ara o Tawhaki; Unnamed
Fit.: Whai aka Te whai wawewawe a Maui (Game's name); Kotore huia; Tonga raurepa; Te Ara tiatia a Pawa; Ngutu huia; Kawe tupapaku; Mouti; Moi haere; Te Whai papaki tahi a Maui; Te Toemi a Rua-mitimiti; Paekohu; Kapunga uru tutu; Paepae hamuti; Te Waka a Tama-rereti or Canoe of Tamarereti; Nga Ihiihi o Kopu or Rays of Venus; Te Puke ki Hikurangi or Mount at Hikurangi; Nga tara kaikape; Tama a roa; Te Kotiro; Te Whare o Takoreke or House of Takoreke; Te Mahau or Porch; Kopu or Venus; Purere kohu; Tongariro or Mountain; Te Rara tuna; Te Komore; Nga Maui or Maui brothers; Te Ikiiki; Te Manuka piko; Tiremiremi; Tonganui; Whare puni; Te Whare toto kau; Te Whare pora; Komore; Tama a roa; Tama a hine; Mouti; Wiwirau; Paekohu; Te Rara matai; Te Tutira o Maui; Te Whakahua horopito; Te Ana i Taupo aka Te Ana o Karanga-hape; Te Ahi i tunua ai te manawa o Nuku-tauparoro; Te Waka o Tama- rereti; Mouti; Toemi; Te Puia i Whakaari; Ngutu koko; Tutae takahuri; Te Whare o Takore; Te Kani; Kiwi; Te Waka kai harakeke; Puta-a-toke; Moutohora; Te Waka o Tama-rereti; Tonga-raurepe; Maikaika; Paekohu; Whai wahine; Whai tane; Whai kotiro; Whiwhirau; Waewae kahu; Nga Pu-tutu; Whare Kehua; Kapunga rurutu; Motikiwi; Kau-parera; Waewae pikaraihe; Te Moana nui a Kiwa; Te Awanga; Matariki; Mawhiti; Paenui; Motu-kaheru; Ikaika o te raranga; Matui; Poho-kereru
Loc.: New Zealand
[CPSUZ].
Short paragraph. The intricacy and complexity of string figures is stressed. Association with mythology, and chants performed together with string figures, is mentioned. Features descriptions of some of the figures, and a photograph of an unnamed figure.
Fit.: Whai (Game's name)
Loc.: New Zealand
[CPUY].
An anecdote about L.S.B Leaky who allegedly knew 500 figures, and who taught the author's informant the two figures here. Contains instructions and drawings, and a story to accompany the serial figure. Contains references to other sources. Supplemented with a note about Polynesian serial figures by Audrey C. Small. . Fid.: Malaysian fisherman series: House, Bird cage, Lobster cage, Turtle, Roasting grill, Neighboring island; Two women grinding corn
Fit.: Rari-ni-kula or Parrakeets' playground; Vali-ni or Parrakeets' home; Vonu or Turtle; Kuveti (Tapa pattern board); Undu and Koro; Ten times
Loc.: Various; Polynesia
[DIJLNSZ].
Short note on string figures as a popular pastime in Rennell Island and elsewhere in Polynesia. Contains bibliography and references to other sources.
Loc.: Solomon Is.
[BLNSY].
Over fifty string figures reported as collected, but not described in this work. Men, women and children indulged in this pastime: "We passed the time by munching taro and playing at cat's cradles.".
Fit.: Waruru (Game's name)
Loc.: Bougainville Is.
[LNY].
Fifteen string figures, with variations, and their meanings, in social and linguistic context, are briefly analysed. Features local names, line drawings of the figures, and music notation for two songs associated with the figures. In German.
Fid.: Ura davapia or Zwei Bienenkorbe (Two beehives); Baban na tabaran or Teufelshohle (Devil's cave); Daula or Fregattavogel (Fregattvogel = Frigate-bird); Balu or Taube (Pigeon); Bongalalit or Fisch (Fish); Bolo na parau or Rahe eines Segelschiffes (Ship's yards); Vo tuna or Ruderpaddel (Rudder); Vo takip (Broken paddle); Talavavinun or Ruderkameraden (Oarsmen); Talavavinun varbaiai or Ruderkameraden geteilt (Oarsmen separated); Tubuan ik or Kleine Alte (Little elder); To gea or Tanzer (Dancer); Vangan or Brucke (Bridge); Marum or Nacht (Night); Mata na keake or Sonne (Sun); Kip na kalagi ia tera or Haarschmuck fur Tera (Hair ornament for Tera); Po na benabene or Nest eines kleinen Vogels (Small bird's nest)
Loc.: New Britain
[AFLJZ].
A short paragraph on string figures as widely practiced among the Eskimos and in Eastern Siberia. Features line drawings of several figures and a traditional story connected with one of the figures. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Pipe'kilha-heke'nilin or Mouse-driver; Wild reindeer; Fox; Whale; Man in canoe
Fit.: Yu'ut (Game's name)
Loc.: Siberia
[CFGJS].
Photographs of sixteen string figures from Arnhem Land, with captions in Pidgin.
Fid.: Dijan men gadim kokreg; Dijan lili rut; Dijan kinu; Dijan dubala leg bla mimi; Dijan bambam bla mimi; Dijan mimi bin boldan; Dijan hil; Dijan not string; Dijan not string yu bulum; Dijan laitning; Dijan rein; Dijan gowena; Dijan gowena fet
Loc.: Arnhem Land, Northern Territory
[PZ].
Instructions for variations on three popular figures, Many stars, Apache door, and Osage diamonds, by means of additional twists, twists in opposing directions, and taking up different loops, from those in the standard figures, with drawings. Contains references to other sources and encouragement for experimentation.
Fid.: Many stars; Apache door; Osage diamonds
Fit.: Jacob's ladder
[ISVZ].
String figures are described as important in a child's education and their connection with various chants and stories.
Fit.: `Ai (Game's name)
Loc.: Cook Is.
[GNY].
String figures or Whai described as well known throuout Polynesia and as an important element in mythology, although presently in decline. In string figure competitions women were more expert than men. Features a photograph of an elderly man doing a complex figure, using his hands, feet and mouth. Contains reference to other sources.
Fit.: Whai (Game's name)
Loc.: New Zealand
[CGJPRY].
String figures known but not recorded. Reference to a chant used by Maui while fishing up Rakahanga. Maui is credited with fishing up all the New Zealand islands from the bottom of the sea, and with the invention of string figures .
Fit.: Whai (Game's name)
Loc.: New Zealand
[GJY].
Short paragraph. Noble character of string figures is stressed, as well as their connection with chants and mythology.
Fit.: Pe'e (Game's name)
Loc.: Mangareva
[GNY].
Short comment. String figures in decline, however still popular amongst children.
Fit.: Tuwanapeti (Game's name)
Loc.: Caroline Is.
[CGY].
Step-by-step instructions, with drawings, for several string figures. The author discusses other authors' assumptions that the game has been introduced by the Europeans. Contains geographical references and references to other sources.
Fid.: Fa'avae pato aka Vae pato or Duck's feet with variations; No name; Laulau or Food platter; Pili me'ime'i or Shrinking lizard; Ati; Mongamonga or Cockroach; Ipu or Cup; Fale sa or Church
Fit.: Ili; Moenga
Loc.: Samoa
[ADFGISZ].
String figures observed as played by Aborigines for amusement, at a camp near Yarra River.
Fit.: Cudgi or Cudgick (Game's name)
Loc.: Victoria
[CGZ].
Three photographs of string figures made by, respectively, a young !Kung woman, an Aranda woman, and an Eskimo girl. With captions.
Fit.: Ma-ha-lii-lii; Pu-kau-la; Ladder; Fence; Calabash net; Osage diamonds; Canoe
Loc.: South Africa; Arnhem Land; Alaska
[CGPZ].
A short paragraph on string figures as done by elders for children. Once popular, presently in decline, "superseded by modern entertainments". Two figures observed but not recorded.
Fit.: Cilialewa'xstem (Game's name); Women tanning buckskin; Nothing left but their shoulder-blades
[CQZ].
Twenty five string figures, with instructions, described and illustrated, all collected by the author. Various localities are listed, where identical, or similar, figures can be found. The names and meanings of the figures are explained. Contains geographical references, references to other sources, comparative table and bibliography.
Fid.: 1.Two men; 2.Outrigger canoe; 3.Child; 4.Bracelets or Goot; 5.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #5); 6.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #6); 7.Butterfly; 8.Rock of Waondeli or Giti Waondeli; 9.Star or Watasith; 10.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #10); 11.Look! or Nen; 12a.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #12a); 12b.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #12b); 13.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #13); 14.Sugar cane or Canne a sucre; 15.Sardines or Wene oue; 16.Bird's nest; 17.Ouleoule and the bird-lime or Ati itra peletrei Ouleoule; 18.Looper caterpillar or Madin or Inyi; 19.Porker or Beche-de-mer; 20.Lightning; 21.Fly; 22.Uprooting maniania or Fek alou; 23.Putting on the basket or Feni watreng; 24.Unnamed (Compton 1919 #24); 25.Lifu trick
Fit.: Sardines cf., 4.; Bird's nest; Two men; Porker cf., 1.; Look!; Rock of Waondeli; Fly; Hanging; Fighting lions; Lightning; Tallow dips cf., 1.; Dressing a skin cf., 1.; Four shrimps cf., 4.; King fish cf., 5.; Dugong cf., 5.; Knife cf., 5.; Pouch cf., 6.; Sun clouded over cf., 7.; Sun with full rays cf., 7.; Moon cf., 7.; Moon gone dark cf., 7.; Batoka Gorge cf., 8.; Outline of the island Davane cf., 8.; Many stars cf., 9.; Ten men cf., 10.; Face mark of the town of Owu cf., 10.; Clouds cf., 11.; Bush cf., 11.; Fly cf., 11.; Butterfly cf., 13.; Moon cf.,13.; Sun clouded over cf., 13.; Stone money cf., 13.; Moon gone dark; Bracelets cf., 15.; Fish-hawk cf., 15.; Zamia cf., 17.; Bandicoot cf., 17.; Giant crane cf., 18.; Little fishes cf., 19.; Fighting lions cf., 19.; Outline of the island Davane cf., 19.; Locust cf., 21.; Bumble bee cf., 21.; Fly cf., 21.; Mouse cf., 22.; Hanging cf., 23.; Flight of birds cf., 24.
Loc.: New Caledonia; Loyalty Is.; Various
[ABFGILSUVZ].
An anecdote about a young boy, very conversant in string figures (cat's cradles) on board of a ship heading towards Solomon Islands.
[NZ].
Reprint of the 1895 edition titled, Korean games. Short paragraph on string figures as very well known in Korea, Japan and China, played usually by girls, but also some Cantonese labourers. Features a number of string figure names from these countries. Contains references to other sources.
Fit.: Korea: Ssi-teu-ki or Woof taking (Game's name); Sang-tou- tou-ki or Cover for hearse; Pa-tok-hpan or Chess board; Tje-ka- rak or Chopsticks; Soi-noun-kal or Cow's eyeball; Tjyel-kou-kong- i or Rice mill pestle. Japan: Aya-ito-tori or Woof pattern string-taking (Game's name); Nekomata or Mountain cat into which a domestic cat is supposed to transform itself; Koto (Musical instrument); Geta-no-ha (Two pieces of wood under the sole of clogs); Uma-no-me or Horse's eye; Tsuzumi (Musical instrument); China: Kang sok or Well rope (Game's name); Sawing wood
[CGSZ].
A short note on string figures as widely known. Features line drawings and names of some figures from the collection of string figures in the Museum of Archeology, University of Pennsylvania. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Hoo-ko-mo; E-ke-ma-nu or Ace of diamonds; E-ke-ha-ka or Ace of hearts; E-ke-pe-ki or Ace of spades; A-na-ma-nu or Bird- house; Pau-ma-wai or Pump; Pa-hi-o-lo or Saw; Ma-hi-ki or See- saw; Wai-u-la-wa; Ko-he or Vagina; O-ko-le-a-mo; Pa-pi-o-ma-ka- nu-i-nu-i; Pa-pi-o-ma-ka-lii-lii; U-pe-na or Net; Pou or Post; Po or Darkness
Fit.: Hei or Net (Game's name, Hawaii); He whai aka Maui (Game's name, New Zealand); Lelegaro (Game's name, Leper Island); Honggo (Game's name, Florida Is.)
Loc.: Hawaii; New Zealand; Florida Is.
[FNSZ].
Republished as: Games of the Orient, Culin, 1958, which see.
An account of the author's investigations of string figures during his stay around Lake Tanganyika and in Uganda. Contains instructions for figures and tricks, some drawings, geographical references and references to other sources. Features photographs of four of the discussed figures (3.,7.,11.,12.).
Fid.: Chitagao, Wili, Ufindo (Game's names); 1.Unnamed #1; 2.String trick; 3.Sumbo or Fishing net; 4.Nsakwe or Grass hut; 5.Umuzwa or Wooden spoon; 6.Nakameko or Swimming on the back; 7.Kitala or Bed; 8.Unnamed #2; 9.Kiuni or Bird; 10.Lutanda or Star; 11.Unnamed #3; 12.Shimo or Pit; 13.Unnamed #4; 14.Unnamed #5; 15.Mwezi or Moon; 16.Mwakatanga or Moon gone dark; 17.Tambukira, String trick; 18.String trick; 19.Nzige or Locust
Fit.: Crows' feet cf., 5.; Kebe mokeis or Mouse cf., 14.,18.; Bukila or Hammock cf., 8.
[AFGIPSUZ].
Short note. String figures played solo or in pairs. In German.
Fit.: Xatote or Fadenspiele (Game's name)
Loc.: Caroline Islands (Federated States of Micronesia)
[NY].
List of string figure books presently in print, including a large number of Japanese publications.
[B].
Instructions for 158 classical nets and 30 incidental figures, some using Mark Sherman's concept of blocks and nodes (Sherman 1991). Contains instructional tables and line drawings.
[AFIOSVY].
Introductory letter containing instructions, deviced by the author, for two figures from Walter Roth's collection of Australian string figures (via Jayne 1962; Roth 1902).
Fid.: Two white cranes (Australia); Two chiefs (Uap); Two boys carrying spears (Australia)
[ISZ].
Letter correcting instructions in the author's own article, String figures 2. (D'Antoni 1991).
[ISY].
List of newly published books on string figures, mostly Japanese books.
Instructions and diagrams for twenty unnamed string figures of the author's own design, arranged in three groups: Nets, Diamonds and More Diamonds. Continues as String figures II (D'Antoni 1991). Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Gr.1.Nets; Gr.2.Diamonds; Gr.3.More diamonds (All figures unnamed)
Fit.: Man and a bed or Le-sik (Torres Strait); Eadeto or Two female noddies (Nauru)
[DIOSZ].
An attempt at establishing the origins and cultural significance of string figures in various regions, being primarily an analytical review of Kathleen Haddon's Artists in string, Haddon (1930). Contains numerous geographical references, references to other sources, some critical remarks, reflecting largely trends in anthropology at the time of publishing, and some notes based on the author's own expertise in making string figures. .
Fit.: Kayaker and the mountain; Waterspout; Pan for weighing gold; Moon and his two wives (Papua); Fish-net torn by bears; Caribou in the willows; Rack aka Platform; Pleiades; Tipi; Salmon River (Thlinkit people); English cat's cradle; Ambra (East Africa); Buffalo skin pegged out (Gold Coast); Butterfly (Navaho); Lizard (Cape York); Siberian house (Chukchee); Two coyotes (Navaho); Dog on a leash (Eskimo); Two ptarmigans (Eskimo); Fox and whale (Eskimo); Kayak (Eskimo); Apache tent- door
[AGSZ].
Novel. Action takes place in Papua-New Guinea. Two of the protagonists try a local cat's cradle, with some hints at local customs in the dialogue.
[W].
A critical analaysis, from a diffusionist point of view, of the chapter concerned with string figures, indicating ingenuity and imagination of the makers of the figure, especially women, but contributing little to the diffusionist theory.
Short note. String figures listed among other games. Dictionary equivalents.
Fit.: Axadeu (Game's name)
Loc.: California
[N.
String figures mentioned in passim, among other games and diversions. Contains remarks on taboos on string figures, relating to hunting and fishing, and pregnant women. Northwest Coast (Alaska).
Fit.: Tciltcilnukw or Weaving together
Loc.: Alaska
[EN].
Drawing and instructions for a figure similar but not identical to fig.830 in Jayne, 1906. The correct resolution to that figure is found in Maude, 1971. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Mat (Nauru)
Fit.: Eyes and mouth (Eskimo)
Loc.: Nauru
[FIS].
A collection of 83 string figures, with drawings and instructions, based on Emory's field trips in 1929-31 and 1934. Some instructions with variations and different methods of execution. Some chants associated with the collected string figures are included. Introduction by Maude expertly examines origins and relationships of string figures from Tuamotu with those from other regions of Eastern Polynesia, Melanesia and Australia. Contains notes on terminology and a comparative table. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: 1.Na Tifai or Turtles - Method 1 - a:Tifai Manania or Female turtle, b:Tifai Kaefa or Male turtle; 2.Na Tifai or Turtles - Method 2; 3.Na Tifai - Method 3 - a:Tifai Manania or Female turtle, b:Tifai Kaefa or Male turtle; 4.Tifai Kea 1 or White turtle; 5.Tifai Kea 2; 6.Mageogeo; 7.Mago or Shark; 8.Pana i te Ora or Lift the life; 9.Moyutakanoa; 10.Hua 1; 11.Hua 2; 12.Mahara Taravao or Thoughts of Taravao; 13.Na Mutu Karaea or Separation of Red Earth; 14.Na Fai Peka or Crossed string figures; 15.Pape Ri'iri'i or Tiny wells; 16.Tupa Rikiriki or Little hermit crab; 17.Kokikoki 1 or Warbler 1; 18.Kokikoki 2 or Warbler 2; 19.Korairai or Chaetodon fish; 20.Haveke Tiraga or Upright canoe; 21.Haveke Tipapa or overturned canoe; 22.Patanuku; 23.Patiki; 24.Te Ava Raro; 25.Puga Tahetahe or Overflowing spring; 26.Uira or Lightning; 27.Kanaunau; 28.Matuarere; 29.Korava Hiti 1, 2 & 3; 30.Horahora; 31.Puriri; 32.Na Puroro; 33.Kahuri Fara or Pandanus fruit; 34.Keri Kanoe or Squid hole; 35.Kaki; 36.Tuna or Mythical eel; 37.Keiga o Tuna or Bones of the Tuna; 38.Ure o Hiro or Penis of Hiro; 39.Na Paraoa or Two whales; 40.Fafarua or Devil fish; 41.Komo ko te Ariki or King's well; 42.Fai Tahemo; 43.Taura o Tavaka or Tavaka's rope; 44.Kutami; 45.Ki Faru; 46.Ko Peka or Crossed; 47.Te Ana o te Mago or Cave of the sharks; 48.Moko or Lizard: a.Moko Puna, b.Te Nohohaga o Na Moko or Dwelling place of the lizard, c.Moko Horohoro or Running lizard; 49.Moko Tariga: a.Roko Rikiriki or Little waters (Springs), b.Na Tariga Moko or Lizard ears; 50.Turi: a.Te Poupouoga o Turi or Canoe shed of Turi, b.Na Pofaki o Turi or Marae stones of Turi, c.Te Naharaga o Turi or Dwelling place of Turi, d.Te marae o Turi or Turi's marae, e.Turi e Moehau or Turi and Moehau, f.Turi e Tone Noe, Moehau e Tona Noe or Ahadows of Turi and Moehau, g.Mou's o Turi e Moehau or Mountains of Turi and Moehau; 51.Maui: a.Te Popouga o Maui or House of Maui, b.Te Marae o Maui or Maui's marae, c.Na Monao Turukiga o Maui or Back rest stones of Maui, d.Te Haga Taura Ki Here Kiai te Hana or Ropes which noosed the neck of the sun, e.Ko Maui Raua Ko Ri or Maui and Ri, f.Te Puniga o Maui or Hiding of Maui, g.Te Keta Haga o te Hana or Securing of the sun,h.Hana o Maui or Sun of Maui, i.Kavake o Maui or Moon of Maui; 52.Na Turatura o Puga; 53.Kopena Hiro or Net of Hiro: a.Te Roki o Hiro or Hiro's reclining seat, b.Te Popouga o Hiro or House of Hiro, c.Na Pofaki o Hiro or Marae stones of Hiro, d.Tahora o Hiro or Swing of Hiro, e.Te Mauga o Hiro or Hiro's mountain aka Grove of trees, f.Te Pora o Hiro or Hiro's canoe cabin, g.Kopena Hiro or Hiro's net, h.Te Piti o Te Mauga o Hiro or Second of the mountains of Hiro; 54.Papani o te Rua o te Marama or Door of the pit of the moon; 55.Te Vaka o Hiro or Hiro's canoe; 56.Ku Tavia; 57.Koviri or Twist: a.Koviri Mua or First twist, b.Koviri Roto, c.Koviri Fakaoti or Last twist, d.Heregao; 58.Kotuku Rere 1 or Flying heron 1: a.Kotuku Rere Ki Tua, b.Kotuku Rere Ki Aro or Heron flying over the lagoon, c.Taioropua (Place name), d.Maraetefano (Place name); 59.Kotukurere 2 or Flying heron 2; 60.Potaka Puraga; 61.Kokiri Pago; 62.Moe Hore Hia; 63.Koperu; 64.Kahegahega; 65.Haveka Tinihi or Tihini's canoe; 66.Na Fare Turu; 67.Kotuku or Heron; 68.Marama Hiti ki Ruga or Rising moon; 69.Marama Hiti ki Raro or Setting moon; 70.Na Vahini Tetea; 71.Matariki; 72.Te Tipi Haga o te Kahea or Waxing of the moon; 73.Hihi o Togareva; 74.Toga ia Maui 1 & 2; 75.Tuporokura; 76.Maroriki; 77.Fai taamu or Slip trick; 78.Rori or Sea slug; 79.Te Pito o Maui or Navel of Maui; 80.Te Matikuku o Tahaki; 81.'Aka Uira; 82.Vero o Tavaka; 83.Mangareva slip trick
Fit.: Fai (Game's name) [Note: Due to a large number of Tuamotuan figures mentioned in text, names of figures from other regions only are listed here]; Honu Wahine, Honu Tane (Society Is.) cf., 1.; Paa (Samoa) cf., 1.; Wahine (Maori) cf., 2.; Ekwan (Nauru) cf., 2.; Sun (Yirrkala) cf., 3.; Nameless (New Caledonia) cf., 3.; Wangga-ni-Viti (Fiji) cf., 39.; Ipu Sioata (Tonga) cf., 39.; Nameless (New Caledonia) cf., 39.; Umeke Ai o Hina (Hawaii) cf., 40.; Toemi (Maori) cf., 44.; Popo Tikau (Marquesas) cf., 44.; Ole-amo C (Hawaii) cf., 44.; Te-kolemu-yengiyengi (Pukapuka, Cook Is.) cf., 44.; Nei ni Kauki (Gilbert Is.) cf., 44.; Te Noti o Kulu (Ellice Is.) cf., 77.
Loc.: Tuamotu Is., French Polynesia; Various in text
[BDFGHIJSTVZ].
Six variations, devised by the author, on the figure Apache door, with instructions and photographs of completed figures. Contains references to other sources. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Apache door; Apache door variation 1-6
[BCIOPSVZ].
Short paragraph. Great variety of string figures, some very complicated, observed as played by children. Features names of recorded figures, with line drawings. In French.
Fid.: Ubukobokobo or Pou (Louse); Aloba or Feu (Fire); Paleo or Sagoutier (Sago tree)
Fit.: Inada or Jeu de ficelle (Game's name); Bio or Casoar (Cassowary); Tsivali or Guerre (War); Ola or Tete (Head); Jailaba or Toucan; Uma me djaba or Jardins plante (Gardens); Bao or Taro; Eobu or Paradisier (Bird of Paradise); Oiame or Chien (Dog); Deva or Perroquet blanc (Black parrot); Melo me ene or Garcon et fille (Boy and girl)
Loc.: New Guinea
[CFQZ].
Short note. "String puzzles are another species of amusement with them. In these a European would be surprised to see the ingenuity they display, and the varied and singular figures they produce." Contains references to other sources.
[CSY].
Description of thirteen figures and tricks from the Wapisiana tribe of Guiana, with instructions, and line drawings of two figures. Most of the figures are identical with those known in other parts of the world, but methods of construction are different. Contains geographical references and refernces to other sources. Reprinted in 1967, Anthropological Publications, Oosterhout N.B.
Fid.: Sucinik or Spider's nest; Pirara or Worm; Sabai or Trap for a small fish; Panainum or Door (F); Wananiri or Mirror; Saburiwa or Howling monkey's jaw (F); Iwi or Organ of generation; Rapur or Vicious fly; Kaburn or House; Tarabara or Fly; Kubad or Double basket for palm seeds; Kadarau or Two fishes always seen together
Loc.: Guiana
[FGISUZ].
Twenty string figures and tricks from Western Guiana (Makusi and Wapisiana people) are discussed, with local names and translations. Contains instructions and line drawings of four figures. Comparisons with identical or similar figures from elsewhere are offered. Transfer of loops between corresponding fingers is noted as a characteristic feature. Contains geografical references and references to other sources. Reprinted in: Anthropological Publications, Oosterhout N.B., 1967.
Fid.: Waitai or Fish trap; Watisa or Fly; Pacangera or Two baskets; Rocebibu; Aratawaii or Howling monkey's jaw; Moroi or Spider's web aka Spider's nest; Moa or Grub for fish bait; Owamginto or Double basket; Kefulikaco or Mouse in a trap; Kamile or Two fishes together; Mimu sakualitilite or House; Mimu or Big house; Kamalili or Beaded ornament; Watciwatci or Two little turtles; Tcekawa or Crab; Footo or Clam; Maiyosi or Spider; Watiwelito or Sex organ; Malkanuni or Six-o'clock beetle; Fotcakwa or Drink
Loc.: Guiana
[FGIQSUZ].
Short paragraph. String figures described as "another children's activity that has become very popular lately..." Contains references to other sources.
Loc.: Canada
[NSY].
It is noted that string figures are played in winter for, and by children. Features a number of figure names but no instructions.
Fit.: Na'tlo or Weave continuously (Game's name); Sotso or Morning/Evening star; Hastqio sakai or Feet ajar; Dilyehe or Pleiades; So lani or Many stars; Sohotsi or Pinching stars; So bide huloni or Horned star; Tlish or Snake; Ma'i or Coyote; Ma'i altsayilaghuli or Coyotes running in different directions; Nashui dichizhi or Horned toad; Naeshja or Owl; Atsinltlish or Zigzag lightning; Altqi or Bow; Ka or Arrow; Kos'ishchin or Cloud effect; At'o or Nest; Hoghan dalai sa'a or Single hogan; altsahoghan or Double hogan; Dine or Man; Chizh joyeli or Wood carrier; Sis or Woman's belt; Lesis or Small stomach of a sheep; Ayid or Sternum with ribs; Who sezini or Standing tooth; Whoshiyishi or Bent tooth
Loc.: Arizona
[NEJLQZ].
String figures mentioned as an example of homoeopathic magic in the context of taboos. Examples come from Iglulik people. Includes bibliography.
Loc.: Alaska
[BCGJY].
Comparative table of crafts and customs. String figures not known.
Loc.: California
[LNY].
Comparative table of crafts and customs. String figures known to most of the informants. Includes short comment on how the figures are made, but none recorded or named.
Loc.: California
[LNY].
Short note. Both men and women play string figures.
Loc.: California
[LNY].
Short note. String figures known.
Loc.: Guiana
[LNY].
An article on not exactly string figures sensu stricto, but rather sacred Brahmanic string figures, done with several loops of silk string, spun in a special way, worn accross torso, and made while pronouncing special mantras. Includes drawings of the figures and instructions. Includes note by K.Haddon.
Fid.: Temple door; Temple tank; Lingam; Caste mark of a Vaishnavite; Yoni; Fields and irrigation channels
Loc.: India
[ACFIJLZ].
A short, interesting discussion of a string figure in context of magic/religious ceremonials. Contains instructions and a drawing. Fid.: Sun aka Moon
Loc.: Gilbert Is.
[AFIJLZ].
Comment on religious character of the figures described by Griffith. Contains geographical references regarding multiple loop figures.
Loc.: India
[CGLY].
Note. String figures not observed.
[NY].
Copy of a letter to the Smithsonian Museum with a suggestion to include string figures in the annual Folklife Festival in Washington, DC.
[LY].
A letter concerning Smithsonian Museum Folklife Festival, the history of the game of cat's cradle in England, and other matters. Contains references to other sources.
[LY].
Short note. String figures reported to have been made representations of common objects, some very complicated.
Loc.: Paraguay
[GNY].
Short note. String figures known among girls.
Fit.: Qauwi'lts (Game's name)
Loc.: Canada
[GNY].
"The art of making string figures" mentioned among various sedentary games.
Loc.: Inuit, West Greenland
[GNY].
Cartoon. A content, yet concentrated fat cat doing an unidentified string figure in the countryside.
[F].
Japanese and English equivalents (cat's cradle).
Fit.: Ayatori; Cat's cradle (game's names)
[E].
English and Japanese equivalents.
Fit.: Cat's cradle; Ayatori (Game's names)
[E].
Game's name equivalents at Feis and Lamotrek Islands. In German. Fit.: Thib (Feis); Gatif (Lamotrek)
Loc.: Leis; Lamotrek
[EY].
String figures described as: "A string to be drawn by the fingers into the shapes of various objects or animals". Features six drawings of figures from the Museum collections.
Fid.: Fox; Raven; Polar bear; Narwhal; Hare; Walrus-head
[FGNZ].
A short passage in which the author asserts that, "the string is made from braided strands of human hair, and each successive design instigates the memory of a cosmological myth", and that, "[string figures] flourish in northeastern Arnhem Land". The figures resemble, according to the author, phosphenes, a set of patterns used in cognitive psychology. Features a drawing of an unnamed figure.
Loc.: Australia
[FY]N.
Short note. String figure not recorded in this location.
[GNY].
Short note. String figures played by boys. Some European influences detected. Contains references to other sources.
Fit.: Ilain (Game's name); Two-star
Loc.: New Mexico
[GNZ].
Short Note. String figures known but not common.
Fit.: Icbase-tsiracio or Thumb-catching (Game's name); Tipi
Loc.: Wyoming
[GNQZ].
Short Note. String figures known but have no ceremonial significance. Played by children.
Fit.: Du'mabana-nai'dui or Wonder-making (Game's name); Du'a or Boy; Woman; Tipi; Rabbit-snare; Fish-trap; Gwa'are or Antelope
Loc.: Wyoming
[GNQZ].
A series of seven string figures resembling certain flag patterns. Contains instructions and drawings.
Fid.: Vertical line; Horizontal line; Horizontal tricolor flag; Vertical tricolor flag; Cross flag; Union jack; Czechoslovak flag
[DIMZ].
A book of 120 string figures and variations from one of the most isolated islands in Equatorial Pacific. The collection includes some of the most creative of all known figures, and their improvisatory aspects are stressed. Features a general and historical introduction to Nauru, and its cultural intricacies. Contains instructions and photographs of the completed figures, with some auxiliary drawings, and explications of local techniques and terms, in three parts: Figures known elsewhere, Simpler Nauruan figures, and Nauruan classics. Some figures accompanied by chants. Also features transcripts of two traditional stories and photographs of 20 figures collected by one Capt.Garcia, to some of which instructions are given. Contains geographical references and references to other sources. Includes bibliography. .
Fid.: 1.Eadeto or Two female noddies; 2.Iburingijo 1 or Blossom of the calophyllum; 3.Barabaraimor or Hunch-backed man-eating shark; 4.Iwinbawo (Species of jelly-fish); 5.Amwangiyo or Branched; 6.Ten men; 7.OerRain; 8.Iyor or House post; 9.Ami or Male dancer; 10.Wawu or Oahu; 11.Mwiteremaremao; 12.Eadum or Crayfish; 13.Biri; 14.Eru; 15a.Eruen or Castor oil fish; 15b.Ikibon or Fish net; 15c.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #15c); 15d.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #15d); 16.Etegerer me etogarita; 17.Emor 1 or Flying fish; 18.Ngan or Two breakers; 19.Eikodowa (Name of a woman); 20.Amen Torere or Two robbers; 21.Dito Dita (Twins' names); 22a.Emor 2 or Flying; 22b.Eru or Fish; 22c.Nanatakiboe or Legs of the curlew; 22d.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #22d); 22e.Edango or Dried pandanus preserve; 22f.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #22f); 23.Edu or Shuttle; 24.Ibiya 1 or Two lagoon fishes; 25.Ibija 2 or Lagoon fish; 26.Emen Ueak or House; 27.Kewedo; 28.En Nogok or Proud woman; 29.Erake me an kiri 1 or Erake and her stool 1; 30.Erake me an kiri 2 or Erake and her stool 2; 31.Daon or Black turtle; 32.Aor or Crayfish; 33.Romwinimada or Antares; 34.Ikibong Ror or Net for catching noddies; 35.Gireda me an ibog or Gireda and his well; 36.Amen Rucao or Two dancers; 37.Eoen kadama or Flying fish hooks; 38.Eijororo me earoro (Onomatopoeic); 39.Ini or Coconut palm; 40.E bok en Atubuidura or Well of Atubuidura; 41.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #41); 42.Mejoa or Star Atair; 43.Ipo or Black fish; 44.Akuannai or Stunted nuts; 45.Te Bareraka or Little multi- coloured bird; 46.Ekwen ngawor or Fishing canoe; 47.Eikamwen paim or Woman who smoked a lot; 48.Egigu or Girl in the moon; 49.Aininwen or Cannibal woman; 50.Urakeya me banab or Cave at Banab; 51.Ekuor or Canoe; 52.Ekwan 1 or Sun 1; 53.Ekwan 2 or Sun 2; 54.Ekwan 3 or Sun 3; 55.Amen ranga ekwan or Keepers of the sun; 56.Imwingen-kuri or Cross pieces of wood for strengthening house; 57.Nanan Akiwoe 1 or Legs of the curlew 1; 58.Nanan Akiwoe 2 or Legs of the curlew 2; 59.Nanan Akiwoe 3 or Legs of the curlew 3; 60.Amen Biri 1 or People of Biri 1; 61.Amen Biri 2 or People of Biri 2; 62.Dowereperep; 63.Rigi or Caterpillar that comes after rain; 64.Dogienmadang or White man's mat; 65.Ewarenubwi or Navels with umbilical cords; 66.Eiyawet cf., #5; 67.Ibureniyo; 68.Eongatubabo; 69.Dowogorin; 70.Ewanubwi. 71.Demaibura (Name of a woman); 72.Maiowa or Star; 73.Dagabe me Demadang (Names of two men); 74a.Gaidugiago (Name of a man); 74b.Iyo me Gorinoa (Names of two men); 75.Dabamadoa me Debenori (Names of two men); 76.Eoredeto 1 or Long-tailed cuckoo 1; 77.Eoredeto 2 or Long-tailed cuckoo 2; 78.Eoredeto 3 or Long- tailed cuckoo 3; 79.Eoredeto 4 or Long-tailed cuckoo 4; 80.Ameang (Name of a man); 81.Adiben (Worrior who had a long beard); 82.Ibunemun (Name of a man); 83.Durang or Lame man; 84.Aumwananewu; 85.Ekonamadang (Very old name); 86.Unnamed (Maude 1971 #86); 87.Itsiyo me Araiman; 88.Deban atia; 89.Eigamoia or Ekaibwit (Name of a woman); 90.Ekaibwit; 91.Einogog me Euamwe (Grandchildren of chief Gaunubwe); 92.Apegogora; 93.Eidenamo me Eidebara (Two chiefs' wives); 94.Eidobu (Name of a woman); 95.Iwinumwen (Name of a man); 96.Eraipwin (Name of a woman); 97.Emainodogonigae 1 (Name of a woman); 98.Eigabanuwea (Name of a woman) cf. #116; 99.Itubwer 1 or Patterned like a mat 1; 100.Itubwer 2 or Patterned like a mat 2; 101.Itubwer 3 or Patterned like a mat 3; 102.Itubwer 4 or Patterned like a mat 4; 103.Eigemeang (Name of a woman); 104.Egattama (Name of a woman); 105.Edema me Edouwa (Two women cousins); 106.Eidiow Dogobea Eideuoaro (Name of a man and his wives); 107.Etaroking or Priestess of Nauru in olden times; 108.Tinamitto (Name of a girl); 109.Eidiowinago (Name of a woman); 110.Biyat Eidiowininago or Eidiowininago's lagoon fish; 111.Imwinuman (Name of a man); 112.Delaporte (Name of first missionary); 113.Dogida or Doctor; 114.Administration Staffs; 115.Emainodogonigae 2 or Woman in her house; 116.Aro ekwan or Two suns; 117.Aro nanan akiwoe or Legs of two curlews; 118.Eidigauw (Wife of trader Thomas Hansen); 119.Manujie me an iragu or Manujie and his sword; 120.Amet dedogo oeron or Holding up the sky; Garsia 4.Deban atia cf., #88; Garsia 5.Itsiyo me Araiman cf., #87; Garsia 6.Ibiaro or Twin children; Garsia 7.Eoen kadama or Hook for catching flying fish in the daytime; Garsia 8.Eidobu cf., #94; Garsia 9.Enaginuere or Cave in Ewa; Garsia 10.Uea or King; Garsia 11.Daragine (Nauruan fairy story); Garsia 12.Aiju edetan or Three stars; Garsia 13.Itubwer or Mat; Garsia 14.Domaneab or Meeting house; Garsia 15.Cantilever jetty; Garsia 16.Einogog me Euamwe cf., #91; Garsia 17.Eidagage (Woman relation of the chief Eoaio); Garsia 18.Aom or Hermit crab; Garsia 19.Apegogoro cf., #92; Garsia 20.Einoogog (Chief Gaunubwe's grandchild); Garsia 21.Administration Staffs cf., #114; Garsia 22.Eigugu or Girl in the moon; Garsia 23.Eidereauwa (Gilbertese woman)
Fit.: Carrying money (Caroline Is.) cf., #55; Uoua ni maniba (Banaba) cf., #1; Tenua ni maniba (Banaba) cf., #2; Vai ngutu toru (Tikopia) cf., #2; Te bareaka (Banaba) cf., #3; Niu tako toru (Tikopia) cf. #3; Te kain tamarake (Gilbert Is.) cf., #4; Amen Nibek or Little one of Nibek cf., #9; Kabaebae baara (Gilbert Is.) cf., #15; Etekerer or Pursuer cf. #16; Ngamungama or Multiplication cf., #17; Bo kabenga (Gilbert Is.) cf., #19; Fetaka (Tikopia) cf., #19; Titsin or Mother and twins cf., #21; Temaraua ma an kiben cf., #25; Bedereng (Name of man) cf., #46; Amen ober ibok or Men guarding a well cf., #55; Nan akiuoi cf., #59; Inwinuman cf., #82; Representation of a mat (Jayne 1906 #830) cf., #99; Egona and Egameang (Jayne 1906 #829) cf., #103; Etima and Etowa or Nauru women of rank (Jayne 1906 #834) cf., #105; Echeog and Edawaroi or Two women (Jayne 1906 #835) cf., #106; Ibunemun (Jayne 1906 #841) cf., #111; Na Ubwebwe (Gilbert Is.); Te Taba (Gilbert Is.); Tungutu (Ellice Is.)
Loc.: Nauru Is.; Various
[ABFGHIJPSUVZ].
A photograph & a comment including string figures in a list of "un-Australian traits". Features one photograph.
Loc.: Arnhem Land
[GNPY].
An excellent record and analysis of an assemblage of string figures, collected, mounted and preserved by the author, during an expedition to Arnhem Land in 1948. Most of the figures were made by a young woman, Narau, some invented by her, many replicated from diagrams from other sources (Davidson, 1941), and performed repeatedly in order to remove quesiton of random chance. Some of the figures are very complicated, requiring up to fifty manipulations to accomplish. The collection is held at the Australian Museum in Sydney. A selection of the figures is on display, as part of the permanent Aboriginal exhibition. The article features chapters on string used and manipulations employed in making the figures, characteristics of the figures and their naming, comparisons with figures from other regions, socio-magical regulations and the mythological origin of string figures in Australia. Contains geographical references, references to other sources, bibliography and index. Features instructions and line drawings of completed figures. Important not only for string figure enthusiasts, but also in the general ethnographic discourse.
Fid.: 1.Two conch shells or Djulagur; 2.Two vulvas or Nugun aka Penis and vulva (cf., #3); 3.Two bottles (cf., #2); 4.Two waterholes or Naringa; 5.Man lying down or Juguna; 6.Ironwood gum cement or Galanjin (cf., #80); 7.Mangrove bird or Darada; 8.Native cat or Baraguma; 9.Macassan man; 10.Scorpion or Budungun; 11.Little boy standing on one leg or Garagu; 12.Cat- fish or Berigogo; 13.Water in river-bed or Gapu; 14.Centipede or Djirrtum; 15.Man sitting down or Ninna; 16.String bag or Bardi; 17.Red kangaroo or Gardjambal mudbia; 18.Circumcision or Nadili; 19.Pig; 20.Mangrove-crab or Juga; 21.Waterhole or Billabong or Naringa (cf., #118); 22.Sun or Walu; 23.Crab-hole or Naringa; 24.Water-buffalo or Gubbabunga; 25.Leech in rakia swamp or Djalning or Waluga aka Rain; 26.Dolphin or Bulangbirr; 27.Dugong or Djunongoi jungun; 28.Jabiru or Malui; 29.Big blue bird or Djulidjiluga; 30.Two emus or Gadbarait; 31.Emu's eggs or Maluijalanja; 32.Two boomerangs or Gali-wali; 33.Morning star; 34.Two stingrays or Au-ulgulla; 35.Three huts or Bala; 36.Frog in a pool or Garugman; 37.White man; 38.Moon-fish or Dapi-dapi (cf., #81); 39.Rakia bulb; 40.Frill-necked lizard aka White woman wearing a hat; 41.St.Andrews's Cross spider making web between trees or Garr; 42.Boobook owl or Gug-bug; 43.Lobster or Dungurung; 44a.Hungry women or Gungori, 44b.Yam; 45a.Birth of a baby, 45b.Baby born; 46.Lightning or Bapa; 47.Two sea-hawks' nests with young or Djirrt; 48.Fork-tailed kite or Wabula; 49a.Macassan prau or Mitjuna, 49b.Cargo of trepang; 50a.Ibis or Matjur, 50b.Ibis flying into tree or Matjur; 51a.Flying fox, 51b.Mangrove-crab escaping; 52.White goshawk or Ngag-ngag; 53.Parrot or Dummala; 54.Women's crocodile or Baru; 55.Ripples on a pool or Gapu aka Running creek; 56.Clouds or Mangan; 57.Menstrual blood of three women or Urungal; 58.Three freshwater snakes or Bapi; 59.Three women sitting down or Lurugun; 60.Fish- net or Walagwi; 61.Two cat-fish or Gungnal; 62.Small boomerang or Gunjalili; 63.Human faces or Gula; 64a.Sea-eagle; 64b.Sea-eagle catching mullet; 65.Echidna or Djerima; 66.Emu's tracks or Gadbarait-lugu; 67.Stingray-spine spear or Warungal; 68.Fire- sticks or Dudji; 69.Yam or Dunguruk; 70.Yam or Buagul; 71.Woman's breasts or Dailinging; 72.Tree or Gatul; 73.Mythical snake or Garanungu; 74.Intertwined snakes or Djerramunga; 75.Two women with carrying-bags or Baidji; 76.Laughing jackass or Garugal; 77.Two arm-bands or Darrowirra aka Two pannikins; 78.Brown hawk or Garagai; 79.Forehead band or Warumbulla; 80.Three locusts in a tree or Garajirinja aka Three bees' nests in a tree (cf., #6); 81.Moon-fish or Dapi-dapi; 82.Pregnant woman or Gungman; 83.Gecko or Munungani; 84.Waterhole or Billabong or Gulun; 85.Water-goanna or Bije; 86.Native companion or Gurdjur; 87.Bandicoot or Wundgura; 88.Water-goanna or Amiowa; 89.Goanna or Wundgau-ul aka Rat and bandicoot; 90.Butterfly or Bounba; 91a.Diving ducks or Wurun; 91b.Waterhole or Billabong or Bundal; 91c.Tree to which ducks fly or Jimbilliga; 92.Spear-thrower or Mangal; 93.Three fish-traps or Dowurr; 94.Stilt or Djirrt-djirrt; 95.Kingfisher or Djerragarama; 96.One Aboriginal aka Dead man; 97.Evil spirit or Mokoi; 98.Cross-shoulder strap or Maitga; 99.Two shovel (iron- bladed) spears or Gai-it; 100.Two women fighting or Buma; 101.Parrot-fish sequence: 101a.Dug-out canoe or Liva-liva; 101b.Rock-crab bait or Gunjan; 101c.Catching parrot fish or Alalu; 101d.Cooking parrot-fish; 101e.Crocodile or Nau; 102.Butterfly or Bounba; 103.Bat or Winjiwinji; 104a.Two dingoes or Wungan (cf., #77); 104b.Four dingo pups; 105.Fish or Lalu; 106.Granite boulders or Gunda; 107.Cooking cycad nuts or Batun aka Sea-eagle or Ngutu (cf., #147a, #141); 108.Wawalik sisters standing up or Munungari aka Goanna; 109.Two bamboos or Jiragir; 110.Man throwing spear or Dugdun; 111.Pygmy goose or Gunming jingu; 112.Paperbark head-cover aka Flag; 113.Mangrove-grub or Gwi-iota; 114.Fishing-line and hook or Ruggi; 115.Cicatrices or Gaimarrigi; 116.Cassava bush or Bawung; 117.Octopus or Mainda; 118.Waterhole or Billabong or Naringa (cf., #21); 119.Stone axe; 120.Scissors; 121.Sword-fish or Waruga; 122.Spindle or Jegini; 123.Large calico loin-cloth on man or Dormalla; 124.Knife or Mundjo-ug; 125.Bark container or Waidjamindi; 126.White man's shoes or Dapadung; 127.Drone-tube or Iragi; 128.Crow walking or Waag-waag; 129.Three vulvas or Nugun; 130.Wooden spear-head or Gai-it; 131.Coconut palm or Gadaru; 132.Papaw tree with fruit; 133.Bee or Garanjinji; 134.Snail or Mandung; 135.Female wallaby or Wirdi; 136a.Sea-gull or Ngurula; 136b.Egg or Mapu; 137.Octopus-hole in rock or Garung; 138.Geese or Guramadji; 139.Camp or Ngaijir; 140.Brass cannon or Badili; 141.Cycad tree rangga post or Bukulumbak (cf., #147b); 142.Running dog or Wandil; 143.Anus or Bundji; 144.Cassava or Bawung; 145.Painted bark coffin or Dundba; 146.Two bananas; 147a.Cycad nut shelled or Digu; 147b.Cycad nut cooked (cf., #141); 148.Flag or Lipa; 149.Girl pounding rakia bulbs or Mungan; 150.Kangaroo's intestines or Karitjambal; 151.Coconut or Gadaru; 152.Man's track or Jurlulugu; 153.Crow flying or Waag-waag; 154.Diving ducks or Warun; 155.Dogs copulating or Wungan; 156.Ant or Galgal; 157.Caterpillar crawling along a twig or Dappal; 158.Man and woman copulating or Nimi-nimi aka Two women menstruating; 159.Kangaroo's tracks or Mudbia-lugu; 160.Macassan prau, mast and ropes or Baliera aka Root or Jugua; 161.Ant's legs or Galgal; 162.Coffin on a platform or Djunba; 163a.Male opossum or Naringau; 163b.Female opossum or Naringau; 164a.Two yams or Gidama; 164b.Four yams; 165a.Green turtle or Gariwa; 165b.Green turtle cut open; 166.Tortoise or Buggara aka Tortoise meat and spoons; 167.Opossum in a hole in a tree; 168.Sawing wood; 169.Clam shell or Bunba; 170.Two men spearing stingrays; 171.Echidna killed by a stilt; 172.Steel tomahawk or Dagul; 173.Yam or Malnjoi; 174.Twined basket or Bulpa; 175.Hut; 176.Hut; 177.Two boys; 178-213.Unnamed
Fit.: All figure mentioned in text are also in Fid.
Loc.: Yirrkala, Arnhem Land
[ABFGHIJSUZ].
Short note. Complicated string figures performed expertly by children. Features one photograph.
[GNPY].
Continuation of the author's analysis of different string figure families, based on differences between opening, central, and ending movements (see: Modern string figures, p.11-24 of this issue). Contains instructions and diagrams for four figures, invented by the author, and references to other sources.
Fid.: Balance family of string figures: Bat, Flying fox, Balance, Man and woman
Fit.: Many stars; Owl; Two-horned star; Two coyotes; North star; Amwangiyo; Nauru ending; Four diamonds ending; Sacred circle family of string figures
Loc.: Various
[.
Instructions for one string figure collected by the author in 1976, with a drawing of the completed figure, and a comment.
Fid.: Four eyes (Wolof tribe, Senegal) aka Gama nani or Four eyes (Mende, Tesne, Sherbro tribes, Sierra Leone, Dickey 1928) aka Osage diamonds (Osage tribe, Oklahoma, Jayne 1962) aka Ma-ka- lii-lii, Pu-kau-la or Four eyes (Hawaii, Culin 1899) aka Jacob's ladder, Ladder, Fence (Ireland, Jayne 1962)
Loc.: Senegal
[CFGIZ].
Instruction for a method, devised by the author, for preserving, or "freezing", string figures, with the use of elastics and paint. Contains references to other sources and a comment on the nature of string figures. Features drawings of the device and sample figures.
Fit.: Moma or Plant beds (Hornell, 1930); Lightning (Jayne, 1962); Apache door (Jayne, 1962); Sewing machines (Haefelfinger, ?); Fish net torn by polar bear (Jenness, 1924)
Loc.: Various
[ACSY].
Author's account of his travels in Mexico in 1988, in relation to string figures. He was able to collect three figures and some knowledge that string figures were practiced in some areas, but it was difficult to extract any information from the locals. Contains instructions for two figures and one string trick.
Fid.: Mexican string trick; El violon (Violin); La moto (Motorcycle)
Loc.: Mexico
[INZ].
Instructions for a family of thirty seven new string figures invented by the author, taking Tom Storer's figure Sacred circle as an inspiration (Storer, 1982 p.41). Contains diagrams of the figures, references to other sources, and a comment on the modern diffusionist character of string figures. Continued in: Contemporary string figures, p.8-10 in this issue .
Fid.: Sacred circle family (of string figures): Twin stars I & II; Black hole I & II; Venus I & II; Milky Way I & II; Andromeda I & II; Centaurus galaxies; Atair I & II; Lunar phases; Sun I & II; Bull (Taurus); Fishes (Pisces); Water-bearer (Aquarius); Algol; Jupiter; Saturn; Mercury; North Star; Uranus; Zodiac; Hemispheres; Neptune; Pluto; Sirius; Balance (Libra); Ram (Aries); Archer (Sagittarius); Goat (Capricorn); Twins (Gemini); Lion (Leo); Scorpion (Scorpius); Space
[ADFGIOSUZ].
Instructions for a string figure collected by the author, with a drawing of the completed figure.
Fid.: Quebracho tree aka Yuchan tree
Loc.: Argentina
[AFGIZ].
Instructions for one string figure with a drawing of the completed figure. Includes a comment.
Fid.: Eden kadama or Hook for catching flying fish in the daytime
Loc.: Nauru
[CFGHIZ].
Instructions for one string figure with a drawing of the completed figure. Includes a comment.
Fid.: Ibiaro or Twin children (Nauru)
[CFGIZ].
Instructions, devised by the author, for two native Brazilian string figures from Kissenberth (1922), with diagrams.
Fid.: Ijobio tehoe tehoe or Praying mantis; Irobiko or Creeping insect
[CFHIQSZ].
The author argues that the virtual absence of string figures in some parts of the world, where monotheistic religions (Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Zoroastrianism) are or have been practiced, is due to the suppression of making string figures, often claimed to have been linked to shamanism and magic, essentially non-monotheistic practices, wherever these religions took hold. The pattern, the author argues, has been replicated in recent history, following radical missionary activities in many parts of the world, during the colonial period. Contains references to other sources.
[AHSY].
Instructions for three string tricks collected by the author in 1976.
Fid.: Nose trick; Index and middle finger trick; Opening "A" trick
Loc.: Senegal
[CGIZ].
Instruction for an unnamed string figure, possibly originating from Poland, resembling the Fish in a dish, but topologically different.
Fid.: Unnamed (Mindt-Paturi 1988)
Fit.: Fish in a dish (part of the Real cat's cradle)
Loc.: Germany
[CGIZ].
Instructions for one string figure collected by the author in 1976, with a drawing of the completed figure. Contains comments and references to other sources.
Fid.: Unnamed string figure (Wolof tribe, Gambia) aka Dressing a skin (Salish Indians, British Columbia, Jayne 1962) aka Saio bil or Boat's stern (Temne tribe, Sierra Leone, Hornell 1930) aka Ka or Trap (Kru tribe, Liberia, Hornell 1930) aka Outrigger canoe (New Caledonia, Compton 1919)
Loc.: Gambia
[CGIFZ].
Instructions for a string figure collected by the author in 1976, with a drawing of the completed figure. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Unnamed (Mindt-Paturi 1985)
Loc.: Senegal
[GISZ].
Short note on a traditional Japanese figure Turtle, with instructions.
Fid.: Turtle
Loc.: Japan
[GINZ].
Description of forty five string figures photographed in Flinders Ranges, South Australia, in 1937-1938, and grouped in thematic sequences. The figures were made by men and women to illustrate various stories. Contains drawings of the figures and references to other sources.
Fid.: Emu series: Emu making nest, Emu laying eggs, Emu sitting on eggs, Emu eggs, Emu standing up in fright, Nest of eggs left by frightened Young emus leaving nest, Chicks being taken for a walk by male emu, Man and dogs chase emu, Dead emu, Fat in the body of emu, Fat in the tail of emu; Dingo series: Female dingo defecating, Two dingos copulating, Female dingo in pup looking for nest, Small pups, Larger pups, Female dog bringing in meat for pups; Subincision series: Subincised penis, Initiates and men running through the camp immediately before subincision, Men walking about after the ceremony; Snakes series: Two snakes Wiperu and Wulkeri, Two snakes travelling east, Two snakes partin company; New moon; Bat; Waterhole; Root of a wild pear; Small bird; Fish; Vulva; Dead man being carried on the heads of his companions; Flood marks in a creek bed; Copulating; Wallaby; Unnamed 1-8
Loc.: South Australia
[FGJNSUZ].
Instructions for four variations of the Cat's cradle game for one person, with drawings. Note: Author's name's alternative spelling: Natubori.
Fid.: Cat's cradle for one person
[DIZ].
A short note recounting an old man performing a sequence of string figures depicting local birds and other animals, using a sinew string.
Loc.: Alaska
[JNY].
Short note. String figures played by children. In German.
Loc.: Admiralty Is., Papua-New Guinea
[NY].
Short note. String figures played by children. Features instruction for an unspecified figure. In German.
Loc.: St.Matthias Group, Papua-New Guinea
[INY].
One line note. 10 figures have been observed, made by children.
[NY].
Short note. "Grown girls make cats cradles with threads wrapped around the fingers, toes, and head.".
Loc.: Brazil
[NY].
Short note. String figures seen as made by girls. Features four photographs with names.
Fid.: Hammock ornament; Ray; Paxiuba root
Loc.: Brazil
[NPZ].
A critical analysis of existing notations for string figures. Introduces new, simplified and more accurate system, not aiming at replacing, but rather at expanding on the existing ones. Contains examples, references to other sources, and bibliography. Fit.: One stone/two stones (Papua New Guine)
[ABSUZ].
Instructions with drawing. Features a discussion on distribution of echo or imitation figures in Papua New Guinea and possible implications for tribal movements, refering to Mary Tabogani's visit to Japan in 1974, cf., Inayama (1980). Features a distribution map and a photograph (unclear). Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Echo or Imitation
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[ADIJPSZ].
A discussion of string figure games as an important part of social life, and their decline, mostly due to Western influences. Contains references to other sources. Features four photographs (unclear).
Fit.: Apache door
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[APSZ].
A discussion on string figures, and their possible equivalents in paper, from the topological perspective. The idea is to make simple topological models of complex string figure patterns. Features instructions and drawings, incl. a Zuni figure (J.f.860). Contains a list of readings in mathematics and string figures.
Fid.: Zuni figure (Jane #860)
Loc.: Various
[ABIZ].
A short discussion on origins and conditions under which similar figures are created in different social environments, based on a Scottish figure, The forth bridge, with instructions and a diagram. Contains geographical references and references to other sources. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Forth bridge
Fit.: Ladder; Bracelet; Fence; Fishing net
Loc.: Scotland; England
[ADGISTUZ].
Discussion on string figures in comparison with other games, such as origami, chess, tangrams, Rubik puzzles, &c., being primarily a response to an article on string figures and origami by Mark Sherman (1986). Contains references to other sources.
[ASUY].
Instructions with drawings of a figure from Cape Vogel (PNG), aquired from Mary Tabogani, from PNG, during her visit to Japan in 1974.
Fid.: Harvest of yams
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[CGIZ].
A note on a NHK TV show "Ayatori", during which Mary Tabogani from Papua New Guinea taught the author some string figures. Features a drawing of the figure, with instructions.
Fid.: Turtle
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[CFGIZ].
General introduction to Japanese string figures from historical perspective, with a number of useful sources cited, and two illustrations. Features instructions for a figure cycle Cat's cradle solitaire (Hitori ayatori), one cycle based on Tekkyoo (Iron bridge) figure, and several cycles based on Sakazuki figure (Sake cup), with drawings. Contains geographical references, references to other sources, and a comparative table.
Fid.: Ayatori aka Itotori or Weaving strings (Game's names); Otedama, Ayakake, Itokoki, Chidorigake, Itoge (Game's other names); Cat's cradle solitaire cycle (Hitori ayatori): Cradle, Soldier's bed, Candles aka Kawa or Stream aka Hashi or Bridge aka Mizu or Water, Tanbo or Rice field, Cat's eye aka Uma no me or Horse's eye aka Hishi or Lozenge aka Itomaki or Spindle, Tsuzumi (a drum) aka Furoshiki or Wrapping cloth aka Chagama or Kettle, Benjho [benjo - toilet] or Manger; Tanbo or Rice field aka Okashi or Cookie aka Hatake or Field; Sakazuki or Sake cup; Cho or Butterfly; Fujisan or Mt.Fuji aka Mountain; Neko or Cat; Makura or Pillow aka Yanor Roof aka Dressing a skin aka Outrigged canoe; Tekkyo or Iron bridge; Futayama or Two mountains; Kiku or Chrysantemum; Kamishibai or Paper-slide picture show; Ochawan or Rice bowl [Tea bowl]; Maekake or Apron; Denki [Denkyo] or Light bulb; Monosashi or Ruler; Omen or Mask; Manto or Mantle; Tokyo tower; Ya or Arrow; Kamenogo or Turtle; Gomu or Gum [Elastic]; Helicopter; Yurikago or Cradle
Fit.: (Figure names in table): Cat's cradle solitaire aka Cat's cradle (Hawaii) aka Unnamed #1 (Asisa); Sakazuki aka Outrigged canoe (Hawaii) aka Dressing a skin (America); Tokyo tower aka Eiffel tower; Tekkyo cycle 1 aka Raranikula vonu (Oceania); Kamen or Mask aka Isfuba S'dncala (Africa); Kohrogi or Cricket aka Opae or Shrimp; Nanatsu no dia aka Po (Hawaii) aka Lolakai (Oceania) aka Rapid (Africa); Unnamed #2 aka Po (Oceania) aka Wooden spoon (Africa) aka Two hogans (America) aka Leashing of Lochiel's dog; Ichidan bashigo aka Kumuai o puna (Hawaii); Nidan bashigo aka Papio-maka-nui (Hawaii) aka Shabaka (Africa) aka Osage diamonds (America) aka Two diamonds; Sandan bashigo aka Three eyes (Hawaii); Fujisan 2 aka Mountain (Hawaii); Yodan bashigo aka Four eyes (Hawaii) aka Tahitenui (Oceania) aka Calabash net (Africa) aka River (America) aka Four diamonds; Godan bashigo aka Five eyes (Hawaii); Rokudan bashigo aka Six eyes (Hawaii); Asagaho aka Brush house (America) aka Bag-net (Alaska); Patapato hoki aka Mizan (Africa) aka Duck spear (Alaska); Bosamano-Ie aka Wasifobedi (Oceania) aka Magass (Africa) aka Augaugaqegaq (Alaska); Nokogiri aka Saw; Kumonosu aka Weaving for two
Note 1: For clear instructions for some of the figures listed, cf., Saito, 1983. Note 2: Spelling of figure names may be different in other sources
Loc.: Japan; Various
[AEFGISTUXZ].
Part II of the author's introduction to Japanese string figures, cf., Part I, Noguchi (1982), with instructions, drawings and comments. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Tekkyo cycle 2: Buranko or Swing, Itomaki or Reel, Tombo or Dragon fly; Tekkyo cycle 3 (F.same as cycle 2); Sori or Sled; Mt.Fuji; Kamen or Mask; Hitotsu-, Futatsu-, Mitsu-, Yotsu-yama, or One, Two, Three, Four mountains; Kohrogi or Cricket aka Batta or Grasshopper; Kani series: Kani or Crab, Natto (Bean sprout food), Osage no onna no ko or Osage girl; Kani 2; Nanatsu no daiya or Seven diamonds; Mitsu ami no onna no ko or Tripple-net girl; Cho or Butterfly; Hasami or Japanese scissors; Tsuki ni murakumo or Moon in the clouds; Crow's feet; Mask; Ichidan-, Nidan-, Sandan-, Yodan-, Godan-, Rokudan-bashigo or One-, Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-step ladder; Hitotsu-, Futatsu-, Mitsu- ami or One-, Two-, Three-mesh net; Nozoki or Looking glass; Tokyo Tower II; Ubaguruma or Pram; Fune or Boat; Kaeru or Frog; Usagi or Rabbit; Fuji-san ni kasumi or Mt.Fuji in mist; Ninomiya Kinjiro no zori or K.Ninomiya's straw shoes; Tsuki or Moon; Rokudan bashigo 2 or Six-step ladder 2 (all from Japan)
Fit.: Isfuba s'encala (Zulu)
Note: For clear instructions for some figures listed, cf., Saito (1983)
Loc.: Japan; Various
[AEFGISUXZ].
Part three of a series on Japanese string figures and string games, cf., Hiroshi (1982) and Hiroshi (1982a) for previous parts. Contains instructions and drawings of completed figures, grouped into figures with other than Japanese opening, figures with left hand and right index, figures made by two players, and Japanese slip tricks.
Fid.: Asagao cycle: Asagao or Morning glory, Ohinasama or Hina doll, Kyodai or Mirror stand, Kaminari-goro-goro or Thunder; Hanagako or Flower basket; To-ami cycle: To-ami or Fishing net, Koto (Musical instrument), Hanmokku or Hammock, Barikan or Clipper; Ori or Cage; Yurikago or Cradle aka Hanakago or Flower basket; Yagura or Platform; Sakana or Fish; Chyo [Cho] III or Butterfly III; Fujisan or Mt.Fuji; Pata-pata-hoki or Small broom; Hataori or Loom; Sakiori or Loom for old people; Gomu or Gum (Elastic); Sori II or Sled II; Hoki cycle: Bosama no ie or Blind man's house aka Torii or Shrine gate, Hoki or Broom, Suzume no oyado or Sparrow's house; Hasami or Scissors; Matsu or Pine tree; Hoki cycle II: Hoki or Broom; Hoki cycle III: Kumade or Rake; Take no fushi or Bamboo; Chyo [Cho] or Butterfly; Hutari-ayatori [Futari-ayatori] (Standard Cat's Cradle for two) cycle, cf., Jane (1962), cf., Noguchi (1982), with variations: Tanbo or Stream, Kawa or Stream, Manger, Hishigata or Diamonds, Uma no me or Horse's eye aka Cat's eye, Kaeru or Frog aka Fish in a dish, Tsuzumi (Musical instrument), Bunbuku-chagama (Kind of pot), Otoko-aya (Man's string figure?); Makura-aya (Blind string figure, ie., played with eyes closed); Mochitsuki or Making rice cake; Nokogiri or Saw; Kumonosu or Cobweb; Japanese slip tricks: Kubikiri or Hanging, Yubinuki I or Finger slip I aka Mouse (Jayne 1962), Zenitoshi or Coin dropping, Yubinuki II, III, IV, V or Finger slip I, II, III, IV, V, Himotsushi or Changing loop from thumb to index, Tejina or Trick, Himokake or Link trick (all from Japan)
Note: For clear instructions for some figures listed, cf., Saito (1983).
Part four of the author's ongoing introduction to Japanese string figures. Most of the figures in this part are taken from Saito (1982), a colourful small book of forty five figures and tricks, plus several the author's own recent finds. Contains instructions and drawings. Note: Author's romanisation of some Japanese figure names differ from the standard.
Fid.: Mt.Fuji II; Hamaguri or Clam; Tombo or Dragonfly; Nihonbooki or Two blooms aka Crow's feet aka Double broom; Shimekazari or Sacred straw festoon; Fukuro or Owl; Tekkyo Cycle IV: Daiamondo or Diamond, Suberidai or Playground slide, Kame or Turtle, Gomu or Gum (Elastic), Hikouki or Aeroplane, Kabuto or Helmet, Medaka or Killifish; Yama no toneru or Mountain tunnel; Cho III or Butterfly; Agehacho or Swallowtail butterfly; Toneru or Tunnel; Asahi or Morning sun; Hikiami or Seine (Fishing net); Agari-fuji, Sagari-fuji or Mt.Fuji up and down; Gomu II or Gum (Elastic); Ichidan bashigo or One-step ladder; Sandan bashigo or Three-step ladder; Hoshi or Star; Yama no ue no otsuki-san or Moon over the mountain; Tombo II or Dragonfly II; Tsurushi-gaki or Dried kaki (Persimmon or Oyster); Ika no atama futatsu or Two heads of Cuttlefish; Betsukanko (Akanbe) or Nuts to you(?); Pin- pin Ayatori or Pin-pin Cat's cradle; Ito-hike Bun-bun or Pull- string Bun-bun (onomatopoeic); Yubikiri or Right-hand slip, Left- hand slip, Index slip; Kubikiri or Hanging; Hananuki or Nose slip; Himotsushi or Changing loop from index to middle finger.
String figures ticked off in a games table as known.
Description and instructions for two string figures and one series, collected in 1991, with drawings and photographs. Contains additional notes from Mark Sherman. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Kai-kai (Game's name); Simple boat; Utami or Talking mouth; Tere te vaka aka Correr barco or Traveling boat (series): Foundation of the boat, Boat, Ship with masts, Ship with sails at sea, Ship landed at Rapa Nui, Shelter at sunset
Fit.: Hole for storing breadfruit paste (Society Is., Handy 1925:90); Well (Jayne 1962:85-87); Boat aka Canoe (Stokes & Sherman 1994:134); Utami (Stokes & Sherman 1994:106-111); Amo moenga or Mat carried on the shoulders; NOB 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11 & 37 (Campbell, R. 1971)
Loc.: Rapa Nui - Easter Island
[ABFGIPSUZ].
Instructions for sixteen string figures, with drawings and one photograph. Contains geographical references, references to other sources, vernacular and explanatory notes.
Fid.: Anwon or Calabsh net; Gari or Saddle; Pang-pa-ta or Net mask; Omori-odo or Fu-fu stick; Adun or Bat; Eye or Birds; Moving figure; Ile Unde or Parrot cage; Awkwa Ileda or Pig sack; Kokoro or Caterpillar; Ennu Ikoko or Wolf's mouth; Agbo mejji fi wokorra or Two rams with horns interlocked; Ke Ke O'lowu or Face mark; Labbu or Bird; Arubeli Ashaw Ayabe or Train of cloth of the Queen; Ebuson or White man's camp bed
Fit.: Leashing of Lochiel's dogs; Crows' feet; Kitala; Kebe mokeis or Mouse; Sihnag or Fence round the well
Loc.: Benin, Nigeria
[ADFGIJPQSZ].
A fair and detailed review of one of the most important works in the field. The importance of string figures in anthropological discourse is stressed, taking under consideration "the simplicity and universality of the apparatus required", and their adaptability to the environmental, social and mythological conditions they are made to represent. It is also suggested that the intricacies of technique and intended meaning of many figures, give them the status of art in its own right. .
[GRY].
128-129.
A splendid eulogy for Alfred C.Haddon, "our champion cat's cradler", as one of the first anthropologists to not only seriously consider string figures as a valid element in ethnological research and analysis, but also as a device for making friends everywhere. Features anecdotes. Contains geographical references and references to other sources. Includes bibliography
Fit.: Sea snake; Fighting men (Torres Straits
[BGHJSZ].
Short note in which string figures are mentioned in connection with a tree, Pterocarpus dalbergioides, which is tabu when in flower. Contains vernacular notes.
Fit.: Jipre (Game's name)
Loc.: Andaman Islands
[JNY].
Short note on string figures as a winter pastime.
Loc.: California
[GJNY].
An introduction to an original, symbolic system for recording string figure instructions, devised by the author, with explanations of symbols and sample figure instructions. Contains references to other sources .
Fid.: Osage diamonds; Many stars; Siberian house; Melon shell
[AISZ].
Instructions for eighteen string figures, out of thirty two collected by Stig Ryden (1934), in South America. Features introduction and drawings of completed figures. Note: The name of the figure Tiger's Paw is questionable since it is a South American native figure.
Fid.: Palm tree I; Niritalo or Fish; Tiger's (sic) Paw; Star; Sun; Kopedareuik or Tree; Bird's nest; Charata's nest; Fruit being rosted in a pit oven; Fish known as Vikaik; Toad; Viscacha's nest; Skunk; Palm tree II; Spade; Two men fighting; Ulou; Pato de gallo or Chicken's feet (all from South America)
Fit.: Osage two diamonds; Carrying wood
Loc.: Various in Sth.Am.
[IFZ].
A letter about the author's mother, Kathleen Haddon, appearing on television in England, in 1938 (two years after publishing her book, String games for beginners), and again, in 1948.
[LY].
Report on a research field work in Papua New Guinea, as part of a project leading to The Exhibition of Children's Games and Toys, Paris, 1978, organised by UNESCO. String figures (cat's cradle) have a mention, among other games, as present almost everywhere in Papua New Guinea. Discussion includes interesting remarks on techniques used in solving various problems in this project, and anthropological field work in general. Features a photograph of an unnamed string figure (unclear).
[ACPY].
Variations on the figure Apache door, with instructions and drawings.
Fid.: Apache door variations
[DFIVZ].
A revised version of an original article in BSFA #7 (Sato 1982, p.28-31). Contains instructions and drawings.
Fid.: Apache door intertwining at many points
[DFIVZ].
Instruction for a string figure, presumably of the author's own design, with drawings.
Fid.: Star
[DIOZ].
Instructions for several string figures using two loops simultaneously, with drawings. Contains references to other sources. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Ecliptic; Net I; Net II; Net III sim. Amwangiyo; Net IV; Net V sim. Eongatubabo; No Name (Maude 1971); Ladder I; Ladder II; Net VI; Net I variation; Net double-framed sim. Apache door intertwining at many points
Loc.: Various
[BDFISZ].
A discussion on differences and similarities between string figures and origami, due to their respective origins, distribution, psycho-physiological aspects in execution, and cultural relevance. Differences in modes of recording are stressed. Includes bibliography.
Fit.: Crab (Jayne 1962); Well (Gilbert Is., Maude 1958); Laughing in the house (Kwakiutl, Vancouver Is., Averkieva 1930)
[ABGSUZ].
[ABSZ].
Introduction to a piece originally written by Erich Hornbostel (cf., Hornbostel, 1989), in the early 1930's, intended as a preface to Kwakiutl String Games by Julia Averkieva. However, it has not been included in the recently revised version of the work (cf., Averkieva & Sherman, 1992), for reasons spelled out in the introduction.
[ABGHSY].
Instruction for a method for mounting string figures, with drawings. Contains references to other sources.
[ISY].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features photographs of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Waterhole (Northern Territory, Australia); Snake climbing a tree (Ghana); Sneezing (Vancouver Is., Canada); Bird's nest (Sudan); House (inv. Joseph D'Antoni); X (inv. Yukio Shishido)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features line drawings of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Spectacles for your nose (inv. Udo Engelhardt); Taro string game (Truk Is., Micronesia); Predicting the sex of an unborn child (California Indians); Two islands joined by a log (Guyana); Andromeda galaxy (inv. Felix Paturi); Fox and the whale (King Is., Alaska)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features line drawings of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Czechoslovakian flag (inv. Jun Maekawa); Tree hole (Peru); Two female spirits (Rapa Nui); Flock of kingfishers (Tikopia Is., Sth.Pacific); Two ptarmigans (Bering Strait, Alaska); Bridge (inv. Mark Sherman)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features line drawings of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Moon gone dark (Zaire-Congo); Sewing machine (Switzerland); Wheelbarrow (inv. Carey Smith); Erupting volcano (Patagonia, Argentina); Two women cook cabbage (Solomon Is.); Dog with large ears (Coronation Gulf, Canada)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features line drawings of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Nose slip trick (Mali); Little girl with pigtails (Japan); Sandsnipe (Kiribati, Micronesia); Toad and a man (Vanouver Is., Canada); Swan (Mackenzie Delta, Canada); Sun (Nauru)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Periodical, prepared and edited by Mark Sherman, and published quarterly by the ISFA Press. Contains clear, step-by-step instructions for string figures of various degrees of difficulty. Features line drawings of stages and references to other sources. A very useful resource for both beginners and advanced enthusiasts of string figures.
Fid.: Catching a cockroach (Samoa); Hammock (Zanzibar); Full sun (North Queensland); Two eyes (Liberia); Eskimos in a dancehouse (Pelly Bay, Canada); Three Egyptian string tricks (Egypt)
Loc.: Various
[IKSZ].
Instructions for a string figure, the window, presumably of the author's own design, with a drawing of the finished figure.
Fid.: Window
[FIOZ].
Instructions for two string figures of the author's own design. Features drawings of the figures, and author's explanation of the reasons he prefers the name Damselfly (Ito-tombo), for the Dragonfly (Tombo) figure. Ito in Japanese means string. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Butterfly (Cho); Dragonfly (Tombo); Damselfly (Ito-tombo).
A continuous series of string figures, the author's original work, with instructions and diagrams of the figures. Contains a suggestion on the kind of string to be used.
Fid.: Sun rising from behind the mountain I (Morning); Shining sun (Noon); Eagle; Owl spreading its wings (Owl-light); Crescent moon (Night); Star (Midnight); Rising sun (Dawn); Sun rising from behind the mountain II
[DFIOVZ].
A series of geometrical string figures designed by the author. Contains instructions and diagrams of the figures.
Fid.: Big pentagram; Small pentagram; Shooting star; Solomon's seal; Cube; Regular tetrahedron
[FIOZ].
Instructions for some geometrical figures designed by the author, with drawings. Continued from Shishido (1981).
Fid.: Flying saucer; Helix with variations.
Continuation of a series of string figures divised by the author, with instructions and diagrams. Previous parts: 1.: BSFA #6, 1981; 2.: BSFA #7, 1982; Series continues in part 4.: BSFA #15, 1988.
Fid.: Octagon; Pattern of X; Pascal's hexagon; Hexagram; Sandglass; Three hexagrams; Octagram; Windmill; Shooting star
Fit.: Vutu cf., Sandglass
[DFIOZ].
Continuation of a series of string figures divised by the author, with instructions and diagrams. Previous parts: 1.: BSFA #6, 1981; 2.: BSFA #7, 1982; 3.: BSFA #8, 1982.
Fid.: One crystal; Two crystals; Three crystals; Lozenge ring I & II
[DFIOZ].
Instructions, devised by the author, for two figures: J.f.827 and J.f.816 from Jayne (1906), with drawings. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Deimaso or Hull of a ship (Jayne 1962, f.827 - Nauru); Tutumukaligat or Stairs (Jayne 1962, f.816 - Eskimo)
Fit.: Fishing canoe (Maude 1971, p.55 - Nauru); Precipitous mountains (Jenness 1924, p.144 - Eskimo)
Loc.: Nauru; Alaska
[CDISZ].
Instruction and diagram of a figure, Le Plinthius pourvu de Quatre Cercles, which apparently remains in some connection with a quotation from a Greek medical treatise, presented elsewhere by L.G. Miller (Miller, 1945).
Fid.: Plinthius pourvu de quatre cercles
[FHIZ].
Instructions, devised by the author, for a figure Nauru Dandy, from Jayne (1962, f.839). A figure Man, also from Jayne (1962, f.841) can be obtained as a variation. Other variations put forward by the author are Jellyfish or Ra (Egyptian god). Original instructions for Nauru dandy are in Maude (1971), unknown to the author at the time of publication. With drawings. Contains references to other sources .
Fid.: Nauru dandy (Jayne 1962, p.370); Man (Jayne 1962, p.370); Jellyfish; Ra (Egyptian god)
Loc.: Nauru; Various
[FGISZ].
Instructions, devised by the author, for four Nauruan figures, hitherto known only in their completed form, as listed in Jayne (1962). Instructions for some other figures are found in Maude (1971). Contains instructions, drawings and references to other sources. Also contains correction on Maude's Tinamitto figure, M.108, Maude (1971), as identical with J.f.839, Nauru dandy or Dauwaba.
Fid.: Ijewaioi or Butterfly (J.f.831); Etaroking or Pristess of Nauru in olden times (J.f.838); Mat (J.f.833), two versions; Nauru dandy aka Dauwaba (J.f.839)
Fit.: Te kau nga sikotara; Dagienmadang or White man's mat; Ekwan III; Tinamitto; Dauwaba or Nauru dandy - all from Nauru
Note: J.f.# denotes figures in Jayne 1962
Loc.: Nauru
[AFGISZ].
Instructions for two string figures from Nauru and Toba Indians, Argentina, hitherto known only as completed figures. Contains drawings, comparisons with other figures, descriptions of four new figures arrived at during reconstruction, geographical references, and references to other sources. Also features comments and new instructions for figure Tutumukaligat or Stairs, cf., Shishido (1980). Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Aom or Hermit crab (Nauru); Quebracho tree aka Yuchan tree (Toba Indians, Formosa, Argentina); Tutumukaligat or Stairs (Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska)
Fit.: Taqicit cugararte or Flames of a lamp (Angmagssalik), European lamp (Egedesminde), Emiasuk or Clothes on the line (Upernavik) - Greenland; Ikumayorjuk ayzagutalik or Lamp flames (Pelly Bay), Ikumatuartut or Flames (Coronation Gulf) - Canada
Loc.: Various
[BCFGISUVZ].
Presentation of twenty seven string figures collected, in just three days by Hiroshi Noguchi, at Mount Hagen, PNG, in 1984. With instructions and drawings. Contains geographical references and references to other sources. Includes bibliography.
Fid.: Kilwal (Game's name); 1.Meeting and parting; 2.Mount Hagen axe; 3.Pigeon; 4.Lightning; 5.Looking down; 6.Looking up; 7.Family sickness; 8.Mother series: Mother, Father, Son, Hole; 9.Moon and sun; 10.Making fire & Rope bridge; 11.Banana; 12.No name (Unnamed #1); 13.Egg; 14.Snake; 15.Cow & Egg (pair of figures); 16.Cane bridge & Bridge (pair of figures); 17.Stars and moon; 18.No name (Unnamed #2); 19.Working in the forest; 20.Breaking a bridge; 21.Airfield & Breast (pair of figures); 22.Cuckoo cuts a treetop; 23.Frog;24.Sing sing; 25.Oil thief; 26.Cassowary trap; 27.No name (Unnamed #3)
Fit.: Boy meets girls cf., 1.; Bag cf., 2.; Shrimp cf., 3.; Grasshoper cf., 3.; Man's tapa cloth cf., 4.; House cf., 5.; Bridge cf., 6.; Path cf., 7.; Waves of the sea cf., 7.; Bridge cf. 10.; Scraping coconut cf., 11.; Banana plant cf., 11.; Dugong cf., 12.; Cuscus cf., 14.; Mapet (Baby) cf., 14.; Kukuro (Gun) cf., 14.; Stone cf., 15.; Well for cooking fat cf., 16.; Marriage cf., 16.; Tia koro koro cf., 17.; Soulava cf., 17.; Mouti cf., 18.; Masurah cf., 19.; Black bokis cf., 20.; No name - Unnamed (Noble 1979) cf., 20.; Ginger cf., 22.; Doga cf., 22.; Tarera cf., 22.; Roko cf., 24.;
Note: There are many references to other figures in various regions, but no figure names are given
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[ABFGISUZ].
Instructions and diagrams for five symmetrical string figures of the author's own design, from 1981, 1988 and 1989. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Eight diamonds; One, Two, Three & Four vutus
Fit.: Vutu or Barringtonia nut (Solomon Is., Maude 1978, p.108)
Loc.: Solomon Is.
[FISZ].
Instructions and diagrams for a series of five symmetrical string figures of the author's own design, from 1989. This series differs from his preceding series in the symmetry applied (Shishido, 1989). Contains reference to crystallography.
F.: Fruits I & II; Polyhedron IIIa, IVa & Va.
Short notes in text: String figures, or rather tricks, have been observed. Contains rudimentary description.
[NUY].
Instruction for playing a Navaho string figure Many stars to the rhythm of the author's poem Wife, for which Penelope, wife of Odysseus, has been an inspiration. Features a drawing of the figure. The poem Wife was first published in a magazine Blue Unicorn (Small, 1977).
Fid.: Many stars or Son-tlani (Navaho, Jayne 1962, p.48)
Loc.: Arizona, New Mexico
[FGIJZ].
"There was a wealth of string figures and accompanying stories". Contains references to other sources.
Loc.: Northwest Territories & Yukon, Canada
[LNSY].
Short paragraph. Great refinement of string figures and preoccupation with them among women is observed. Features line drawings and descriptions of two figures.
Fid.: Yam; Dugong
Fit.: Mara (Game's name); Eagle-hawk; Possum; Lizard
Loc.: Barraloola, Northern Territory
[FNUZ].
Explanation in Polish of the term cat's-cradle.
[E].
A discussion on string figures observed at Yarrabah, near Cairns, Queensland, grouped according to what they seem to represent: plants, animals, heavenly bodies, mankind, manufactured articles. Features instructions and drawings of final figures. Contains geographical references, references to other sources and notes on local lore. A planned sequel, with forty figures collected by the author, has not been published.
Fid.: Lily root aka Temporary grass hut (Central Africa, Haddon, K. 1911) aka Hogan or Hut (Navaho, Haddon, K. 1911) aka Tallow dips (Great Britain, Haddon, K. 1911); Coconuts (Roth 1902): Two coconuts, Coconut being husked, Coconuts broken into four fragments; Freshwater shrimp or Jun-ghi or Joonghi aka Four shrimps (Roth 1902); Fish aka Mullet skimming along the surface of the water (Roth 1902); Fish's mouth; Numerous fish; Frog aka Honey, the cells of the comb aka Scales of the crocodile aka Scales of the iguana aka Lobes of fat, bandicoot (all Queensland, Roth 1902); Snake aka Deaf-adder (Queensland, Roth 1902); Snake's hole; Turtle aka Canoe on the water aka Fish-net (Queensland, Roth 1902) aka Dugong (Queensland, Spencer 1912); Seagull; Seagull flying down; Seagull flying up; Wallaby aka Pouch (Queensland, Roth 1902); Sun; Full Sun; Sun falling; New Moon; Crescent Moon; Star sim. Sun with full rays (Queensland, Roth 1902); Pleiades aka Seven sisters aka Seven Wokkul (Sisters); Dead man impaled on a spear; Wild men fighting; Two wild men going away; Canoe (Roth 1902)
Loc.: Queensland
[AFGIJUZ].
A detailed description and analysis of an educational program, Learning Hands, devised and practiced in various environments (including visually impaired) by James R. Murphy, based largely on two figures, Ten men and Fish net. Includes a note on author's own system based on the Diamonds figures. Containes references to other sources and a Learning Hands background document. Includes bibliography.
Fit.: Ten men; Fish net aka Inuit net; Many stars; Klamath net; Diamonds; Cup and soucer; Owl's eyes; Osage diamonds; Chinese diamonds; Bagobo diamonds; Jacob's ladder; Little fishes; Porker
[ABSUZ].
A short note on string figures as done by girls. Many figures observed but not recorded. In German.
Fit.: Schnurspiel (Game's name); Sonne (Sun); Mond (Moon); Sterne (Stars); Schwein (Pig); Hund (Dog); Wild (Animals); Mann (Man); Frau (Woman); Mädchen (Girl); Jams graben (Digging yams); Leute verspotten (People mocking)
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[GNZ].
A comprehensive bibliography of works completely devoted to or just mentioning string figures. References mostly from English language sources, but many German, some Scandinavian, French and Japanese. References in other languages, with an exception or two, not covered. Many references are short comments or one- liners possibly relevant to ethnographic enquiry but not so much for a pursuer of practical applications. Taking under consideration the obscureness of the subject, a valuable bibliography.
[B].
A comprehensive bibliography of works completely devoted to, or just mentioning string figures. References mostly from English language sources, but many German, some Scandinavian, French and Japanese. References in other languages, with an exception or two, not covered. Many references are short comments or one- liners possibly relevant to ethnographic enquiry but not so much for a pursuer of practical applications. Taking under consideration the obscureness of the subject, a valuable bibliography.
[B].
Fid.: Dressing a skin; Pitching a tent
Fit.: Beaver; Deer; Buckskin; Conical lodge; Women's house; Man stealing wood
Loc.: Canada
[DGIZ].
Review of Roth, 1902. A notion of contiguity of string figures and ornament is offered. Features an illustration from the reviewed article. Contains geographical references and references to other sources. In German.
[AGRSY].
A review of one of the seminal works in the subject of string figures (Jane, 1906). The importance of string figures, with their cosmopolitan character and apparent similarities with ornament, in the context of ethnological discourse is stressed. Characteristics of several types of string figures, proposed on the basis of geographical distribution, are briefly discussed. Contains geografical references.
[AGRY].
String figures described as one of the many "quieter" games: "...assuming very complicated forms, sometimes a whole drama was played by means of the changing shapes ... there were proper songs chanted as accompaniments.".
Fit.: Ascent of Tawhaki, the Lightning god, to heaven; Fishing up of the land by the hero Maui.
String figures mentioned among other popular games: "Cats cradle ... played in the most ingenious manner, far exceeding that of the European child-game.".
Fit.: Whai aka Maui (Game's name); Maui fishing up the land; Tawhaki (lighting) ascending to heaven.
Note about children playing cats' cradles just as well as in England.
Loc.: Papua New Guinea
[NY].
Short note on string figures as a popular children's game in Indonesia, New Zealand, Fiji, and among the Eskimo peoples. In Dutch.
Loc.: Various
[NY].
An analysis of several symmetrical string figures, based on the figure Ten men, introducing an original concept of crossings and wraps, which can be applied to symmetrical figures. Features step-by-step instruction with drawings. Contains references to other sources.
Fid.: Ten men; Fishing net; Lightning
[AIDSZ].
Short comment on Sarawak Dyaks' knowledge of string figures as "amusements indicating a capability of civilization, an aptitude to enjoy other than mere sensual pleasures".
Loc.: Sarawak (Sulawesi)
[CNY].
Instructions for one string figure, presumably the author's own invention, with drawings.
Fid.: Pac-man
[DIOZ].
Description of a number of figures and tricks, played by children and adults, and collected from BaKxatla people, with photographs, line drawings and instructions, all of which, but one, known in other parts of Africa. Features a story on string figures by one of the local informants. Contains geographical notes and references to other sources.
Fid.: Setswalo or Gate; Mokxoro or Hut; Menwana ya kxoxo or Hen's toes; Dipholo di panne or Oxen inspanned aka Bolao or Bed; Malepa a molala or Cat's cradle of the neck; Kxoxo or Fowl; Rankurunyane; Leeba or Dove; Mpye or Ostrich; Mamsilo or Crane; Kxaka or Guinea-fowl
Fit.: Ku tha buhlolo (Game's name); Malepa (Game's name); Gama fila or Two eyes (West Africa); Gama nani or Four eyes (West Africa); Amadande (BaToka people); Calabash net (West Africa); Nsakwe (Lake Tanganyika); Kikiwe (West Africa); Leashing of Lochiel's dog; Karump (Temne people); Umuzwa (Tanganyika)
Loc.: South africa
[ABFGILPQSUZ].
One photograph of a Bougainville Island native showing an unnamed string figure. Caption says, "The figures represent action situations and there are songs to go with them.".
Loc.: Bougainville Is.
[NPY]
Fid.: Unnamed (Weyer 1959).
A note on a string figure representation of the pilot fish, collected in Torres Strait by Alfred Haddon (Haddon, A., 1912). Features a drawing of the figure.
Fid.: Pilot fish
[FNSZ].
Author's personal account of his endeavour, as an artist- storyteller, to restore the status of string figures as an art form, including his classification of figures into paidia figures and ludus figures. Contains anecdotes and references to other sources.
Fit.: Batoka Gorge; Starry night; Candle thief; Parachute
[AJSZ].